Marketing Department Essay

Carphone Warehouse relies on this functional area as it has a big affect on the business. This department involves advertising, designing and researching products in order to identify and meet the needs of the customers; with the use of marketing mix which consist of four Ps. The definition of the four Ps is Price, place, product and promotion. Price means setting the cost of the product to the standard of meeting the needs of the customers. Place means identifying the right/ideal location to promote and sell the product. Product is identifying the types of goods and services to sell. Promotion is how the company will advertise the product. This department also use primary and secondary research to help market Carphone warehouse, primary research known as field research involves getting data directly about the product and market either through questionnaires or interviews. Secondary research known as desk research involves acquiring the summary or collection of existing data from the internet or books. Distribution Department Carphone Warehouse delivers products all across Europe. This department ensures that all goods are delivered to the right place on time in the exact condition directly to the customer who has ordered the parcel; Carphone Warehouse have many ways in ordering products either from telephone, internet or at store. They check that the delivery van load are safe and secure and also plan the roots of the vehicle before sending the parcel. When a product is bought from Carphone Warehouse, this department makes sure that deliveries match orders precisely and is sent to the exact address on time. Oxfam International Oxfam International is known for their outstanding help for the less fortunate, their aim is to help feed the poor, shelter the homeless and find solution to poverty and injustice. Their main purpose is to provide goods and services to the public such as clothes, books, accessories etc at cost price because they are a `not for profit` organisation and sometimes receive their products for free, from members of the public. They also provide free services as in, helping the poor, feeding them, sheltering them and coating them with clothes. This is a charity organisation under the voluntary sector owned and run by trustees. They are a global organisation with over 13 organisations worldwide in almost every continent, their scale of organisation is large with over 3,000 partners (volunteers) in more than 100 countries to help them support the business and fight against poverty. Functional Departments In order for Oxfam to achieve an overall aim, Oxfam International has various types of functional areas that play a key role in the success of the organisation e. g. Research and development, customer services, administration and human resources. Without these departments Oxfam would struggle to achieve their goals. Research and development This department consist in researching and innovating new products. The R&D department helps Oxfam International to achieve their overall aim by researching and developing the goods or materials used to help the poor such as medicine, drugs foods etc to cure the ill/sick people as well as feeding them and finding them shelter. They also research Areas that need help in order to make an accurate visit and research things that could help find cure for cancer and all other diseases. Customer Service This department is important for Oxfam because this department helps them provide service to the public. They are all about bringing customers back and offering excellent service to the customers, helping Oxfam answer customers’ enquiries, solving their customers’ problems and dealing with customers’ complaints. This functional area helps Oxfam deal with customers in the most respectful and polite manner and provide the best of service. Administration The admin department is the most important functional area it is a support function required by the organisation. The Admin department helps Oxfam carry out a wide range of tasks; which includes sending and receiving messages by fax, email or telephone, dealing with paper work, monitoring budgets and interviewing new staff. This department is very helpful to Oxfam as it makes sure that all requirements are fulfilled accurately and correctly. Human Resources This functional department helps Oxfam by advertising job vacancies to recruiting new experienced employees; to help them provide the best services. They maintain staff records and arrange staff training; to make sure they have the best of staff and encourage continuous professional development. Human resources helps the Oxfam have the best of staff in order to help develop and provide the best service to the public.

Accounting Martinez Corporation Essay

Martinez Company has decided to introduce a new product. The new product can be manufactured by either a capital-intensive method or a labor-intensive method. The manufacturing method will not affect the quality of the product. The estimated manufacturing costs by the two methods are as follows: Capital Labor Intensive Intensive Direct materials $5 per unit $5.50 per unit Direct labor $6 per unit $8.00 per unit Variable overhead $ 3 per unit $ 4.50 per unit Fixed manufacturing costs $ 2,508,000 $ 1,538,000 Martinez’s market research department has recommended an introductory unit sales price of $ 30. The incremental selling expenses are estimated to be $502,000 annually plus $2 for each unit sold regardless of manufacturing method. a. Calculate the estimated break-even point in annual unit sales of the new product if Martinez company uses the: 1. Capital – intensive manufacturing method 2. Labor – intensive manufacturing method b. Determine the annual unit sales volume at which Martinez Company would be indifferent between the two manufacturing methods. c. Explain the circumstance under which Martinez should employ each of the two manufacturing methods. Decision Making Across the Organization Managers that work for a company that sells goods and services to customers must have a good understanding of budgets planning to account for both fixed cost and variable costs. Making a decision within leadership of a company requires the management to know cost effectiveness, what price to sell the items, and the actual cost effectiveness of their product or service to ensure they are competitive within the market. There are many different  decisions that are made within a company and there are many different viewpoints from managers to make these decisions in order to be successful. The cost behavior analysis is the study of how specific costs of an item that is used within a company changes the levels of business activity. An example we can use is the American automotive maker General Motors. Looking at today’s vehicles and the items such as Bluetooth functions, DVD players, satellite radio and other amenities, prices have increased. About 6-7 years ago you could purchas e the same vehicle you are purchasing to day for about 10-20% less. Due to inflation, bank interest loans decreases and the amount of new technology that is added to a new vehicle prices have gone significantly higher. This could also be due to a rising economy and rising job market and bank loans being allowed to go from 60 months previously all the way to 82 months. In today’s market because of interest rates being lower customers are able to buy more expensive cars that are in their monthly price range of a loan versus the concern of the full price of the vehicle. In our exercise the Martinez Company had decided to introduce a new product. However, the new product can be manufactured by of two methods; either capital intensive method or the labor intensive method. Below are the solutions for the problems that were issued: A-1 Capital – intensive manufacturing method Selling price per unit = $30 Total variable cost per unit = $5 + $6 + $3 + $2 = $16 Total fixed cost = $2,508,000 + $502,000 = $3,010,000 Contribution margin per unit = $30 – $16 = $14 Break-even point (units) = $3,010,000 à · $14 = 215,000 units per year. A-2 Labor – intensive manufacturing method Selling price per unit = $30 Total variable cost per unit = $5.50 + $8 + $4.5 + $2 = $20 Total fixed cost = $1,538,000 + $502,000 = $2,040,000 Contribution margin per unit = $30 – $20 = $10 Break-even point (units) = $2,040,000 à · $10 = 204,000 units per year. B = ($3,010,000 – $2,040,000) / ($14 – $10) = 242,500 units per year. Capital Intensive methodLabor Intensive method Revenues$7,275,000$7,275,000 Direct materials 1,212,500 1,333,750 Direct labor 1,455,000 1,940,000 Variable overhead 727,500 1,091,250 Variable selling expenses 485,000 485,000 Contribution Margin$3,395,000$2,425,000 Fixed manufacturing costs 2,508,000 1,538,000 Fixed selling expenses 502,000 502,000 Net Income$385,000$385,000 The net income under both the manufacturing method is $385,000 when 242,500 units were sold that year. Therefore the Martinez Company would be indifferent or neutral between the two manufacturing methods at this level of annual sales. C. The Martinez Company should be employ the capital intensive manufacturing method if the units produced are identical in nature capital. They can also use the capital intensive manufacturing method if they want to be more accurate of production and a reduction in errors. This method can also reduce the average cost per unit by increasing the level of output or products sold. If the Marinez Company wanted to employ the labor intensive manufacturing method it should be employed when flexibility is key. If the products are meeting a different level of customer or consumer demands this would be the best method to use. This is also used when actual labors are involved with the production like a service versus a product and the employee can physically check the demand of the consumer and change the level of need as necessary. For products versus services the products can be customized from what a customer prefers or demands as well as feedback on production can occur. Reference Kimmel, P.D. Weydandt, J.J., and Kieso, D.E. (2011) accounting; Tools for business decision making (4th ed.). Hoboken NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

Describe the effects of the Blitz on everyday life in Britain Essay

At 4:56pm on 7 September 1940, the air raid sirens wailed as the German Air Force, the Luftwaffe launched a massive raid on London.Over 350 bombers flew across the Channel from airfields in France and dropped 300 tonnes of bombs all over Britain. This caused a lot of problems for the people of Britain. The aim of the Blitz was to break the morale of the British people by destroying their homes, their source of transport and industry. In London the docks were attacked regularly and across Britain the Luftwaffe also tried to hit railway lines and junctions, power stations and ports. People’s daily routines were also ruined. Because of the lack of availability of food, the Government were forced to ration the small amounts of food that was left in the whole of the UK, which left very many people with virtually nothing. Bacon 6oz, cheese 4oz, dried milk 4 pints a week and dried eggs 12 every eight weeks. This is just a small fraction of what the government had to ration. In the morning queue would be everywhere and anyone would stand in one queue just to see what was selling. Hopefully it was food. The government took a number of steps to try and protect people. They ordered a total blackout at night to make sure that none of the bombers could see them. All windows would have to be covered by thick black curtains; street and vehicle lights were shielded of dimmer. It was known as an offence if light was shown, because even the smallest amount of light could tell the Germans were to bomb. Every night an inspector would come and make sure that each house was covered up properly and if it was not, a fine would be issued and the owners would fix the problem. Everyone was also given a gas mask in case the Germans were to drop a gas bomb anywhere. Throughout the whole time, 31% of the population got no sleep at all, 32% got less than 4 hours and a mere 22% got 4-6 hours sleep. This caused a lot of problems for people who were working. Workers were falling asleep at their stations and even more were fired because they kept on arriving late to work. However, the people who did make it to work, never gave up they were determined to carry on. Shopkeepers covered their smashed windows with plywood and put up notices saying ‘business and usual’, to show that nothing had stopped them from running their lives. Transport was still running, even though there was a lot less. Postmen and milkmen marched through the rubble to make their deliveries, Clergymen held regular services in bombed churches, bomb sites were used as pen-air concerts and dances and many theatres, music halls and cinemas stayed open throughout the whole war. Even though people were moving on with their lives, over 1.4 million people had lost their homes and many had their friends killed or badly injured by the Blitz. This drove many people to theft. They would break into bombed factories and steal whatever they thought would have a value for money. They would then sell these items on for as much as they could and use that money to buy food if they could find it. If anyone was caught, the punishment was death. Even though there were two million Anderson shelters produced in the early years of the First World War, many people had no shelters to stay in while the bombs were taking place. Many people moved in with family and friends where as others went to underground stations and stayed in the tunnels all night. They would stop the trains and the escalators from running so that people could sleep down there without any injuries. These tunnels gave the population the encouragement that they needed. Many people got a lot of sleep down there and even more were getting used to the bombs. However, the government were scared that people might not come back up again, because they were too scared, and tried to stop them, but each night up to 60,000 would demand to go down into the tunnels for protection. In the end the government gave up. So the Salvation Army and the Women’s Voluntary Service ran shuttle services of buns and drinks from station to station to keep them alive. Others would stay at home and hide in a Morrison’s shelter that was attached to the dining room table, or even hide under the stairs because they were designed to carry a heavy weight. Day after day, night after night, so many fire services fought to control the many fires that were going on. Not including the regular fire services, there were 60,000 volunteers in the Auxiliary fire service. Many were on duty for two days in a row and had very little chance to get some sleep. Fire fighters were under constant heat and falling buildings, not to mention the falling bombs the surrounded them. They ran out of water quick because the bombs would hit the main pipe lines. There were also not enough fire trucks so people would have to run to the fire and hope to God that there was a water supply nearby. As people were pulling together and relying on themselves more, community sprit had increased so much throughout the whole of the Blitz. People went straight into action as soon as they heard the bombs going off. People helped the ambulances and the fire department. The heavy rescue squad used ropes and chains to clear away the rubble and then doctors and nurses would then run in and pull people out. To sum up, many people’s lives had been ruined. Loss of family and friend, the loss of their homes, but people really did turn things around. The community really did join together to stick through the whole problem.

Twelve Questions regarding the YCP Company Research Paper

Twelve Questions regarding the YCP Company - Research Paper Example 2. What impression have you found of Corporate Governance of YCP Company? Corporate Governance plays the role of sight and foresight for an organization. Particularly, in the case of YCP Company the structure possessed some basic flaws in the distribution of duties and power according to the Code of Corporate Governance. The most obvious a blunder is allocation of 60% of voting equity to Kong and Watson. Furthermore, according to the detail illustrated the absence of remuneration committee and nomination committee followed by the weak structure of Board were some of the fundamental errors of the structure of Corporate Governance. 3. What is your opinion of the ownership structure in YCP, in the light of the fact co administrators Kong and Watson retain 60% of the voting equity. Can group of small shareholders make a significant contribution to the governance of the company? What about large share holders. A diverse and balanced ownership structure is the key to keep transparency and authenticity breathing in organizational management. However, the very aspect was absent in case of YCP, the imbalance of major share owner ship and voting rights is evident error. In addition, the fact that minor share holder’s were totally neglected and the other share holders with major contribution had other businesses to look after and their presence in the administration was a mere formality. The dire need of YCP that is obvious in the structure of YCP was that of rationally designed attribution of power and authority along with voting rights based on the fact that when the voting rights of controlling shareholders exceed the cash-flow rights, the incentives for asset diversion are magnified. 4. What is your opinion of the structure of the board have had before approving the construction of the private telephone network for YCP right after the company went public The expansion planned in the very short period after establishment should been backed with strong supporting strategies. In the case of YCP the segregation of management and supervision was the seemingly lacking feature. Hence, after the registration company into the stock exchange a strong structure of Corporate Governance was the essential need of time. Furthermore, evident is the fact from the description that investment in construction was an element of the chairman’s show off rather than strategical opportunity. Therefore, the strategy of expansion on the grounds of serving ego without any exit was more an evidence of Board structure rather than mismanagement. 5. What information should the board have had before approving the construction of the private telephone network for YCP. The feasibility and relevance to the vision of the company was the main area to be focused by board in the evaluation of proposal of construction. Furthermore, funding requirements, timeline, return on investment rate, cost benefit analysis, alternative plans, competitors analysis , PESTEL analysis an d an exit plan were the mandatory analysis to be investigated by the board. Hence, the most important feature to be considered was the exploration of the potential of company to support such a gigantic project along with usual business in terms of time, efforts and resources.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Assignment Example Consequently, McDonald’s is liable to pay to Liebeck for all the damages. In this scenario, I would analyse this situation from the Communitarian point of view. It speaks of shifting the balance of rights and responsibilities from the individual to the society. Liebeck here is at the same time trying to enjoy the liberty of being a free individual and is also trying to shift the blame of her individualistic errors in actions and judgement on to McDonalds. But still under the principle of compensatory justice, McDonalds by giving compensation to Liebeck, tried to restore her for the burns she received by the coffee spill over. (Bohlman and Dundas, 2004) However, there are no hard and fast rules when determining the compensation. But ethics and law make an effort that the tortfeasor is able to restore an amount equal to the loss incurred. But Liebeck here got compensation not on basis of her damages but on the basis of earnings which McDonalds makes. Important here is that Liebeck here received such generous amount in damages not because she got injured. Bu t because McDonalds acted rash and used statistics over ‘ethics of care’ in dealing with Liebeck; which made the jury decide the verdict in her favour. 2) In light of the above case, what would you propose as an outline plan if you were in charge of business that supplied scientific equipment to engineering laboratories? Assume you have a contract in place to supply the laboratory for 10 years. When assuming the role of a supplier of scientific equipment to the engineering laboratories. The most important law that I must be aware of is the ‘Contract Law’. A contract is made between two parties by the process of offer and acceptance. In this case, engineering laboratories would have made an offer of to my firm for supply of equipment. The offer would have had clearly written down the details of equipment needed and all details pertaining to the business should be written. Then, my

Classic Airline's Marketing Problems Research Paper

Classic Airline's Marketing Problems - Research Paper Example The researcher states that if one look towards the marketing strategy of an organization then there may be a product, price, promotion, distribution, marketing research, sales and advertisements of the merchandise, which can be some of the most effective strategies.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strategy is more concerned with effectiveness rather than efficiency and it is the process of analyzing the environment and designing the fit between the organization, its resource and objectives and the environment†. Classic Airlines was considered to be fifth largest airline corporation in the world. It has a fleet of about 375 jets that operates in about 240 cities. It has over 2300 flights daily. It has spent about 25 years from inception and has occupied a large segment of the market and has grown like anything. It has employee strength of about 32,000 employees and earned about $10 million on a sale of about $8.7 billion. Though Classic Airlines is a profitable organization in recent years it is str uggling with the increase in cost and reduced customer confidence. Classic Airlines has been operating for last 25 years in the airline industry. It was a profitable business but in recent times it has started facing challenges regarding waning customer confidence and rising cost particularly of fuel and labor. The loyal customer seems to lose confidence and the other customers who used to travel frequently have started to be less frequent with Classic Airlines. This was a huge setback for them in terms of revenue. While going through the data one can see that for several months in the year 2003 and 2004, the company was running at a loss.

Minimum Wage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minimum Wage - Research Paper Example People from different jurisdictions have different opinions and reasons on whether to raise the minimum wage or not. In my opinion, the minimum wage should be raised because of a number of factors that will be discussed in this paper. Statistics reveal glaring differences and variations in minimum wage among various EU member states. For example, in Bulgaria, the minimum wage as of 1st July 2014 stood at 174 Euros. This was extremely low compared to Luxembourg which had a minimum wage of 1,921 during the same period. This glaring variation in minimum wage should be bridged so that workers from both places can have almost equal chances of generating reasonable income. One region should not have such a high minimum wage yet another region has an extremely low minimum wage when both countries are EU member states. Inflation and recession have been common occurrences in the economic front over the years. For example, the value of money in the 1970s cannot be compared to the value of money now. More literally, the value of 10 Euros in 1973 is not the same as the value of 10 Euros in 2014. For this reason, even the minimum wage cannot stay at the same flat rate that it has stayed over the past years. What 10 Euros could do for a worker in 1970 is not the same as what it can do to the same worker in 2014, for example. The minimum wage has to be increased to accommodate these changes in the value of money as a result of inflation and recession (Card, 1992). Today, the productivity of a typical worker is much higher than what it used to be many years back. This is mostly because of advancements in technology which have increased productivity, effectiveness, and efficiency. For this reason, the workers at the bottom deserve to benefit from these gains of increased productivity. Many people around the world are relying in minimum wage jobs to earn a living and make ends meet. For example, between 2010 and

Health Promotion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Promotion - Assignment Example The main aim of the paper would be to analyze the various prevention strategies of diabetes. It will also determine the importance of health promotion and the processes through which the concept can be popularized. The findings precisely showed the ways to curb the disease i.e. (Diabetes) along with ways for ensuring diseases prevention through effective health promotion. It will also highlight about the appropriate programs that can be effectively implemented to provide proper diagnosis of the health diseases by the medical experts. All those factors that contributed to the sole purpose of improving the health of the people will be highlighted upon (Fuhrman, 2012). 1) Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Issues Related To Diabetes Screenings and Weight Maintenance for a 19 Year Old Male with Family History of Heart Disease As per the above statement, it can be analyzed that a 19 year old male with family history of heart diseases should place due consideration on weight maintenan ce and should conduct regular diabetes screening. It is due to the reason that people with overweight are more prone to acquire diabetes. Furthermore, a person with diabetes is prone to all kinds of diseases. A diabetic patient is always under the risk of acquiring the most dangerous diseases. But there are various measures to lower its bad effects and even ending it. In this particular case, the best and the simplest technique for avoiding the disease is to follow a strict diet plan. The 19 years old male with family history of heart diseases should be strictly directed by his physician to avoid oily food along with junk food and it should also be made clear to the boy to consume lots of boiled vegetables. This way it can control both the weight and diabetes. This concept will provide great aid in the overall health promotion as the intake of healthy diet and its benefits can be widely highlighted by the medical experts (Fuhrman, 2012). However, there may arise certain issues while preventing the disease, the 19 year old may not be able to cope up with the changes in his food habit and may find it very difficult to follow a new diet. Also, being a teenager the 19 year old may not be able to follow a strict routine of medicines and may not like the idea of following a prevention strategy of fatigue and diabetes. 2). Developing a Comprehensive Plan of Care Reflecting Appropriate Wellness Nursing Diagnoses and the Inclusion of Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) A comprehensive plan of wellness treatment generally proves to be very effective as it caters to the health conscious individuals. At the same time a comprehensive plan facilitates in recommendation for nursing staff with certain specific standards for promoting efficient patient care and wellness. This plan will help in the overall analysis of the medical processes that are followed and will also facilitate in creating a sustained atmosphere of proper med ical treatment. It is worth mentioning that nursing diagnosis entails clinical judgment regarding individual, family and community in order to response the health problem. It provides the center for the selection of nursing intervention for achieving outcome. After identifying the nursing diagnoses, it is essential to set priorities, documenting expected outcome, and stating target dates. In the first stage of setting priorities, the nurses should identify problems that can be effectively resolved. This can be done on the bases of methods such as placing priorities based upon the life threat imposed by the problem (Newfield, Hinz, Tilley, Sridarmont & Maramba, 2012). The next stage involving expected outcome can be related with the patient action. Correspondingly,

Bankruptcy Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bankruptcy Law - Essay Example Each case can file any of these types of bankruptcy, however, a specific chapter may be better suited for each individual case. Chapter 11 is mainly bankruptcy for business and its purpose is to reorganize the debt of the business. Reorganization divides the credit accounts into different classes and assets are then liquefied and distributed. The debtor can devise a plan of reorganization for the approval of the court within a 120-day deadline or the debtor can request a court appointed trustee to plan the reorganization. This chapter of bankruptcy allows the business to continue to operate during the bankruptcy under the supervision of Bankruptcy Court. Chapter 11 allows for liquidation of the business assets that are not immediately needed for the operation of the business and a plan for payment of the assets needed for the operation of the business. This will allow the sole proprietor in this case to stay in business and she can change her business to a more suitable and profitable business under the supervision of the court while at the same time eliminating the majority of her debt. In this case, the debtor should file chapter 7 bankruptcy. The debtor is assigned a trustee who liquidates assets and then divides the proceeds fairly among the creditors.

The Sole Purpose of The One Percent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Sole Purpose of The One Percent - Essay Example Once this occurs, it will be very difficult for equality to ever exist in the United States again, since the rich will never give these democratic rights back to the poor once they have taken them. The one percent is based on the idea that one percent of the American population controls the majority of the country's wealth. This leaves the other 99 percent of people to fight over whatever money is left over. Capitalism is based on the idea of a free market, where individuals can make as much money as they want under the system. Those who are successful within the system become rich, while those who are unable to succeed are forced under the rich. The idea is also that a trickledown effect will occur, since the rich will pay the rest of society for services that are needed. This is quickly disappearing from society, however, since the rich are becoming greedier than ever before. They want to make much more money than they will ever need, which causes problems for the poor because this money comes out of their pockets. In previous generations, the middle class made up the majority of American society, since corporations were forced to pay their workers a fair wage. Today, however, much of this work can be outsourced to other countries at lower wages, which has left many Americans without jobs. Under a democratic system, the people should hold the majority of the power. Unfortunately, the current system has been influenced the presence of these major corporations. These corporate interests are able to make donations to political campaigns and the politicians respond by passing legislation that makes it easier for these corporations to capitalize on the average citizen. The country’s political system is based on money and if the average person does not have any money, it is almost impossible for that individual to make a difference. The goal of these corporations is to make it even easier on themselves to make money and, eventually, the 99 percent will no lo nger have a voice. If you look at what a company like Wal-Mart has done over the years, it makes sense. Wal-Mart pays its employees minimum wage and, therefore, it is able to offer products for a lower price than competitors. The company will then go into an area and put all of its competitors out of business very quickly, since consumers are attracted to low prices. This takes money away from the small business owners who owned the competitor stores and takes money away from the community as a whole because all of the profits from Wal-Mart head to the corporate offices. Unless something is done in the near future, it will be almost impossible for the United States to regain its place as a democratic union and the land of opportunity. Today’s opportunities are mostly working for the one percent for whatever wage the employer decides to pay. If you do not want that job, someone else will surely take it, since jobs are becoming more scarce. Unfortunately, the power than these c orporations have over the political spectrum are making it much more difficult. If Wal-Mart is donating large amounts of money to the Republican Party, that party will do whatever it can to keep that stream of revenue, since it can help the party get into power. Therefore, the corporation that donates this money has a major influence over the party’

Management (impact of recent economic crisis) Essay

Management (impact of recent economic crisis) - Essay Example Such as accountability show the facts of transparency and control shows the overall hands on the situation. With a literature review these are discussed below: A representation is a collateral statement, either by writing not inserted in the policy, or by parole, of such facts or circumstances relative to the proposed adventure, as are necessary to be communicated to the underwriters, to enable them to from a form a just estimate of the risk. A representation, like a warranty but there is a material difference between a representation and a warranty. A warranty, being a condition upon which the contract is to take effect, is always a part of the written policy, and must appear on the face of it. Whereas a representation is only a matter of collateral information or intelligence on the subject of the voyage insured, and makes no part of the policy. A warranty being in the nature of a condition precedent, must be strictly and literally complied with; but it is sufficient if the representation be true in substance, whether a warranty be material to the risk or not, the insured stakes his claim of indemnity upon the precise truth of it, if it be affirmative, or upon the exact performance of it, if executory; but it is sufficient if a representation be made without fraud, and be not false in any material point, or if it be substantially, though not literally, fulfilled. The major reason, the financial institution com

Transcendentalism In Modern Life Essay Example for Free

Transcendentalism In Modern Life Essay 1.) The modernity of life has come to the extent where human beings are becoming mechanical and less sensitive to the physical environment. The human as a physical form, as being part of nature, as being one by nature is losing his capability to connect and feel himself as being part of it and thus he is alienated, apathetic to his surroundings. Human as a body is one true part of nature. Every physical parts of him correlate with nature. From the Walden of Thoreau, â€Å"A lake is the landscape’s most beautiful and expressive feature. It is the earth’s eye; looking into which the beholder measure the depth of his own nature.† The human eye is said to be the â€Å"window to the soul.† The depth of one’s character can be reflected thru his eyes. His eyes express sincerity about his thoughts and feelings. The lake is like the human eyes, reflecting the beauty of nature. The human eyes exude beauty. Beauty is nature. Nature is beauty. The nature and the human eyes gives all living creatures something to explore, something new and colorful that makes life worth living each day. The modern life has given us everything that is actually not part of nature. Consumerism is one thing that incites our desire to seek for alienation to nature. Endless offers of products and services that degenerates our senses, especially the eyes, to lose its depth. Thoreau laments over this culture,   Ã¢â‚¬Å" There is an influx of novelty into the world, and yet we tolerate incredible dullness.† As mentioned nature as beauty, it has so much to offer. But with the modern life of consumer culture, the beauty of nature is so much unappreciated. Modern humans are incessantly losing his ability to connect with nature. He failed to willfully discover the beauty of nature, the beauty of his own humanity because of the exceeding production for consumer goods that creates his lifestyle. The paradigm of his life based on this culture creates him in a way apart from nature. Thus the modern human life denies him self of beauty as he denies himself being part of nature and for the years to come, only nature can bring out true beauty. 2.) For a moment, the voice of the unheard, â€Å"I,† come to life. One cannot deny that living in oneness with nature will speak out the voice of our unsaid and ignored self. The truth about nature say tells you that life offers so much more than what you can see from the daily modern life created by superficiality of human life. It is true that nature and the human body is one. Without those gadgets around me, I came to realize that every thought and every word in my head offers me something new, something exciting. My thoughts are part of nature. With my thoughts and with my words I have come to realize that life’s essences exist in the discovery of my very own ability to receive my very own thoughts. It helped me become true to myself. Myself is true to nature. Nature is who I am. The exploration of thoughts comes like an overflowing river. I swam into the overflowing river of thoughts. It is diverse and fresh. Something is yearning to be heard and that voice is nothing else but mine. I don’t need anything to tell me that I am beautiful. Nothing in this consumer world would define that beauty for me – only my thoughts. I am becoming more open to this mind and bodily presence. I need not to conform to anything that nature does not give. Anything that is natural is pleasurable. Abundance is present at this very moment. I am thankful that I have everything I need to live. The less I think of the superficial, the more abundance of life is offered to me. As I perceive things that I purchased, I find out that this is going to be an endless thirst that comes merely from insecurity. Now, I don’t need to linger my thoughts when and how will I finally get this and that but now, I am becoming more and more eager to seek my humanity in the existence of nature as being part of me. I didn’t expect such adventure with my thoughts is such a fun and enjoyable ride. Color I think there is so much color to what I can see now. This color of life is coming from within, a true essence of human nature, my nature. 3. ) Based on the works by Nathaniel Hawthorne, this is the question that I am posing: Why are things not what they seem to be? The greatest antagonist of life is the one that we thought it was but after all, we don’t really know what it is. A great poser of something good but thoroughly evil is the most evil of all. The things that we see that possesses the character of something good hides behind this veil and yet it is actually evil. Opening our mind and heart to truth is the central message of Hawthorne’s work. It seeks to remind us that when we feel we hear about the truth. Denying ourselves from feeling the things around us is a lie. A lie is usually concealed, packed well to hide itself and attack its victim to lose his will to live. A lie is traitor and it will infest itself to someone who will accommodate it. Life is created by packaging. We do not really know what is lying underneath. Because of so many ways to package something, we are usually deceived by our senses. It’s not that our senses take control of that ability but the human mind and heart. When one is deceived by that packaging, he is in weak control of his senses.   It is never easy to realize that something is not what is seems to be. Evil by nature will cover him self from seeing him as evil. Slowly it will pull you to its trap. It will pose in front of you as something good. The ability of one to feel and listen to his own faith will be the only thing that will lead him to avoid evil. Learning to listen to our senses and putting our faith into our minds and our hearts will keep us from going astray. The worst enemy will come closer to our feet as the best friend. Real human intension comes from the goodness of his intentions and not from how good he seems to be. The real test of goodness doesn’t depend on how good one person seem to be. What we see on the outside is usually a lie. Only our true senses kind find that truth of what is within. 4. ) Emily Dickinson’s Poetry NATURE, the gentlest mother, Impatient of no child, The feeblest or the waywardest,— Her admonition mild In forest and the hill By traveller is heard, Restraining rampant squirrel Or too impetuous bird. How fair her conversation, A summer afternoon,— Her household, her assembly; And when the sun goes down Her voice among the aisles Incites the timid prayer Of the minutest cricket, The most unworthy flower. When all the children sleep She turns as long away As will suffice to light her lamps; Then, bending from the sky, With infinite affection And infiniter care, Her golden finger on her lip, Wills silence everywhere. Nature: In this poetry, nature is described as the mother. Her children are the animals and the landscape. Her voice is heard everywhere by her children. She gives unlimited patience and love. Her voice resounds prayer to all living creatures from the one that is the most beautiful up to the very least. Like human beings, our mothers are the endless source of love. We humans are children of nature. We find nature as the endless possibility of our daily needs and resources.   At night her children sleep, nature is a nurturer that opens her light to the darkness of the night. Like our mothers who always keep us safe during our sleep, nature secures us from sleeping safely through the night.   Her motherly love is endless. She keeps the night quiet to her sleeping children. For anything that makes noise, she keeps them quiet as her every child yearns for serenity. WILL there really be a morning? Is there such a thing as day? Could I see it from the mountains If I were as tall as they? Has it feet like water-lilies? Has it feathers like a bird? Is it brought from famous countries Of which I have never heard? Oh, some scholar! Oh, some sailor! Oh, some wise man from the skies! Please to tell a little pilgrim Where the place called morning lies! Will: Here, a traveler is in search of morning. A human being signifies the traveler for life is a metaphor of journey. Morning signifies serenity. It is something that keeps us happy. The traveler is seeking serenity for it is something that he finds unattainable. He seeks the beauty in of serenity. He knows that it is as beautiful as nature. Serenity is something so mysterious to him that he questions if it is something from another place.   He asks a scholar, a sailor and any wise man to define what serenity is and where he can find it.   Serenity, as simple as it seems to be is hard to find. In every morning that we wake up, we want to seek serenity as life unfolds in our eyes. 5. ) Moby Dick by Herman Melville Nature is one of the most ultimate aspects in Moby Dick. Ishmael is the main character and he begins the journey as he rides the ship Pequod under the command of the captain Aheb. He finds out that Aheb is in search of a white whale. Ishmael learns that Aheb is seeking revenge from the white whale because it takes away his leg. Towards the end, the white whale destroys Pequod. This story is very symbolic about nature. Aheb is the ultimate example of human being who doesn’t care for nature. Human beings are sometimes insensitive of nature and tend to take control of it to the extent that he tries to even exploit it. The white whale is like nature – it keeps its beauty and mystery. When human beings bring something that aims to harm nature, it has all its powers and forces to bring back humans to respect nature. Just like when calamities happens, nature has its own way to destroy the lives that it nurtures. Aheb is one example of the modern human life – the least aware of what can nature bring to him. Like Aheb, sometimes humans think that they really can control of everything. But like the white whale, nature has its own share of mystery to respond to humans who are exploiting her. The very thought of conquering something so huge is usually the common thought of human beings. Huge bank accounts, huge houses, huge malls, huge buildings and the like. Humans seem to have created a huge world about the superficial and the material. But after all, nature is still something bigger than what it seems to be. As humans try to conquer nature against the world that he is trying to build, nature is going back to regain its power and remind humans that he is only a part of nature. Nature has its means to give birth to the life that humans are slowly taking. The only thing that humans can take from nature is what it can also get back. Nature provides its laws for humans to obey and only obey. 6.) From the Great Lawsuit: â€Å"it is a built-in necessity of human nature to express itself, that self-expression, like self-development, is one of the purposes of life itself. [Transcendentalism] insists, first, that the well-being of the individual—of all the individuals—is the basic purpose and ultimate justification for all social organizations and second that autonomous individuals cannot exist apart from others. Transcendentalism believes that the purpose of education is to facilitate the self-development of each individual. The political trajectory of transcendentalism begins in philosophical freedom and ends in democratic individualism.† This tells us that humans are entitled to express himself and this is they way he finds himself. His well-being can be found only within himself. Every human has the power to build himself through the power of his thoughts. It is considerably his most wonderful ability for it is something that is constantly and ever growing. Self-expression is one integral human activity that makes him aware of himself. When one is aware of who he is, he knows what he wants and he knows what he can do. Self-expression to human beings is a basic necessity. However, an individual cannot exist only by himself. He also needs the help of others. Transcendentalism emphasizes that an individual needs to believe himself in order to create harmony with others. Although humans have their own right to self-expression he cannot disregard other nor destroy others by this will of self-expression. For example, a person can ridicule someone with the intentions of pulling him down and his only reason is self-expression. That is not self-expression it is more like self-disdain. Transcendentalism points that education is the foundation of human thought and how human will create the world around him. The human mind is complex and therefore has the ability to create and recreate his world as well as his future. Education is not simply just going to school. It is more like becoming aware of what the world is. Education allows human beings to explore his thoughts and the end of this is for him to explore the world and what he can do to live his life.   Political trajectory of transcendentalism roots from the will of a human to question that is everything around him. His quest for answers in this life is his sole freedom to do. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: Adams, Stephen, and Donald A. Ross. Revising Mytholo gies: The Composition of Thoreau’s Major Works. Char lottesville, Va., 1988. Anderson, Charles R. The Magic Circle of Walden. New York, 1968. Buell, Lawrence. The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture. Cambridge, Mass., 1995. Burbick, Joan. Thoreau’s Alternate History: Changing Perspectives on Nature, Culture, and Language. Philadelphia, 1987. Cameron, Sharon. Writing Nature: Henry Thoreau’s Jour nal. New York, 1985. Cavell, Stanley. The Senses of Walden. San Francisco, 1981. Dickinson, Emily. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Boston: Little, Brown, 1924; Bartleby.com, 2000. www.bartleby.com/113/. Fuller-Ossoli, Margaret. Woman in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Greenwood Press, reprint 1968. Golemba, Henry. Thoreau’s Wild Rhetoric. New York, 1990. Myerson, Joel, ed. Critical Essays on Thoreau’s Walden. Boston, 1988. Peck, H. Daniel. Thoreau’s Morning Work: Memory and Perception in A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, The Journal, and Walden. New Haven, Conn., 1990. Richardson, Robert, D. Jr. Emerson: The Mind on Fire. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995. Rossi, Alice, S. ed. The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1973. Sattelmeyer, Robert. Thoreau’s Reading: A Study in Intellectual History with Bibliographical Catalogue. Princeton, N.J., 1988. Sattelmeyer, Robert. Thoreau’s Reading: A Study in Intellectual History with Bibliographical Catalogue. Princeton, N.J., 1988. Schneider, Richard J., ed. Thoreau’s Sense of Place: Essays in American Environmental Writing. Iowa City, Iowa, 2000. Shanley, J. Lyndon. The Making of Walden. Chicago, 1957. Walls, Laura Dassow. Seeing New Worlds: Henry David Thoreau and Nineteenth Century Natural Science. Madison, Wis., 1995. Electronic sources: The House of the Seven Gables Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 1804-1864 Conversion to TEI-conformant markup University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center ca. 650 kilobytes round up to the nearest 5KB This version available from the University of Virginia Library Charlottesville, Va. Copyright 1999, by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/ Commercial use prohibited; all usage governed by our Conditions of Use:http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/conditions.html

The Concept Of Toyota Production System Management Essay

The Concept Of Toyota Production System Management Essay This report briefly discusses the concept of Toyota Production System/ Lean manufacturing that Japanese Methodology introduced by Saichi Toyoda, the concept of value chain established by Professor Michael Porter in 1985 and lower waste and competitive advantages of the Lean Manufacturing. All through this report discus about the Toyota Company. In the first part of this report describe about the Lean Manufacturing of selected company. It is critically evaluate the Lean Production which is seeking a high level of production with minimum cost of the Toyota Company that originally Japanese Methodology. At the second this report is highlighting what the recommendations for managing wastes that associates with value chain of the Toyota Company. It is categorised in two categories that primary activities and supply activities in Value Chain. Thirdly discuss what are the implications of recommendation, which discussed before on organizational resources and justify those recommendations which effect on competitiveness sustainability and social responsibility of the company Finally this report describes the Porters Value Chain as a templates and a frame work which support to the front line managers in danger signals and how to face that Danger Signals and identifying wastes. 1) The critical evaluation of lean production in the Toyota Company. It is very important to overview what is the Lean Manufacturing and seeking higher level of output with minimum possibilities such as low labour cost, law material cost, low time and low inventory space, Lean manufacturing produce at a higher level by reducing wastes from the system and simplifying the methods. Toyota Production System is based on two concepts one is jidoka which can translate to automation with a mans touch. It can stop once avoiding the malfunctioning of products when problems arise in the equipment. Wastes can be occurred from several reasons such as, overproduction, waiting, transportation, inventory, defective units, motion and over-processing. Hence Lean Manufacturing in eliminating wastes. Toyota production system/ Lean Manufacturing is introduced by Toyota cooperation which is event of four gentlemen. Sakichi Toyoda, who is father of Toyota Group, Kiichiro Toyoda, son of Sahichi Toyoda, Eiji Toyoda, who was Managing Director from 1950 to 1981 and Taiichi Ohno the father of the Kanban System and chairman in 1981 to 1994. Toyota Use 7 techniques to attain Lean Manufacturing Reduction of set up times Set up activities are wasteful until they tie up labours and equipment with procedures by charts and training to employees and organizing activities. Toyota manages to avoid the setup times. Miner production The organization has to face higher cost on high capital, new machinery, more inventory, set up expenses, high lead times and defect costs when they manufacturing large quantities of products. But Toyota has turned towards low setup and it leads employees to produce in small quantities. Empowerment and Involvement of employees The Toyota Company organize the employees in the organization in to teams and appoint team leaders those having an authority to handle many specific tasks. The company provides training of minor equipment repair and housekeeping and leaders have to work with their teams in the lines 02. Quality at the source If there is some fault it should be able to identify immediately and need be corrected. Totoya has idoka and stop functioning. Equipment maintenance Toyota workers are more conscious about the failure, because they have been well trained to do basic maintenance. Employees have been trained to relevant to maintenance and enhance the quality of the equipment, so they need specialist fix only for complex problems. Pull production Pull production is always target on minimize cost of stock holding, this was introduced by Kotelnikov in 2001 and this is cause to minimize cost of stock holding and time saving. Next stage of materials demand lead to work performs at each step. kanban organize the movement of small containers of miner material between steps. Supplier involvement Toyota Company trains their suppliers to minimize the setup times, maintain stock and reduce failure. And also they consider their suppliers as their partners in the business. Source: Kotelnikov (2001) 2)Recommendations on the ways how waste is managed in Toyota company. The value chain is providing proper method to indicate the improvement of competive advantage in the business. There are number of stages in value chain process for make to value, these all steps are altogather effeted of company value delivering process. What is the way of basic activities can effect to reduce waste in operation process. Inbound logistics The good which needed for production buy from suppleirs and they are stored until they use for the prduction assembly line. Goods are tranfering all over the orrdanization. The Toyota company collect high quality rawmaterials from the best suppelirs in all over the world and keep countinously that quality. They purchase best quality rawmaterials to minimise the watages in prodution line. To handle rawmatrial, The Toyota company practice with JIT (Just In Time) and they keep close relationship with suppleirs to maximise the availability. Operations At this operational level raw materials used to manufacture and assemble. At every separate part of the assembling, includes producing new cars and modifying new cars engine. The Toyota use different and efficient methods for assembling and modifying the car manufacturing to reduce wastages. Outbound logistics They need to be sent to wholesalers, retailers or customers along the supply chain when production is finished. Toyota has opened their show rooms all over the world and made the products more quantifiable to reduce wastages. Marketing and sales They introduce some offers based on target customers. Toyota is true customer oriented company. The Toyota Company mainly focus on the Marketing and promotion Mix to minimize the wastages. Service Toyota provides training on final checking practices and after sales service to Toyota value customers to eliminate wastes from final delivery. Support activities to reduce wastes Procurement This is accountable for purchasing materials for Toyota. It is very important to make the transaction that is high quality product at the lowest price. The Toyota going with some activities such as, outsourcing and e-purchasing to make the effectiveness and free from wastes Development of Technology Technology is front-runners to competitive advantage, as manufacturer of vehicle Toyota is innovating to increase and sustain competitive advantage. Human resource management The Toyota considers their employees as the asset of company. Toyota practice with, recruitment and selection, Training and development, Maintenance and compensation to maintain their employees with higher satisfaction, 3) Recommendation for long term sustainability and corporate social responsibility. Toyota was number one and most admired car producer (Manufacture) in the world according to the annual rating of fortune published in 2001 included such as General motors and Ford .The umbrella policy of Toyota company is the reason and basic philosophy to success in global market environment and its lead to the make company decision and activities. Toyota has penetrated to USA market and invested there. Now they are well established in USA market it is match with its lean manufacturing system. Toyotas way encourages and motivates their employees and they consider it as capital, their main purpose is ultimately winning the employee motivation. All these empowering of employees are lead to more innovation and increase employee participation for manufacturing process and improve its productivity. Toyota way leads to product development and offer very friendly and loyal manner for their customers and they always target to be market oriented. Toyota use out sourcing and it plays a very i mportant part of their manufacturing process and it cause to reduce more direct cost and reduce market risk. Meanwhile Toyota has understood of the importance of engaging with particular specialized suppliers. Toyotas competitive advantage is mainly attributable to the schedule and the coordinate of activities among the network of 300 components suppliers. Toyotas competitive advantage was gained by a strategic commitment to produce exclusive automobiles. Toyota borrowed technology from established car manufacturers and made the procedures what effectively helped to regain customer demand. Customer demand has been the most important strategic initiate of the company. Behind the success of the Toyota Company there are three main components, A network of suppliers in Japan and in US which can be interpreted as world class. An effective Just in time system to manage inventory, which is dependent upon the activities of supplier network. Robot technology incorporated assembly system, the Japan and North America has both won the platinum plant quality award for this function. The processes and procedures sped up when the waste is eliminated from the companys main stream. Even the quality of the product increases when the waste is eliminated. This means the customer and the manufacturer are equally benefited by the Toyota production method. The company and the customer are in a win- win situation and the profits reflect the improvements. Toyota is famous for its innovations and became the largest manufacturer of cars in 2007 ahead of many leading car manufacturers achieving the competitive advantage by innovations. Toyota production system has given Toyota company competitive advantage on a global scale. This advantage is gained through elimination of waste by earlier recommendations by the combination of their human recourses management policies, their highly effective network of suppliers which provide them with raw materials whenever they need it and machine manufacturers that produce machines which are used in the product lines continuously. The management philosophy is more important for their long term sustainability, Toyota is known for its corporate culture which enhances the employee empowerment. According to Hub pages (2010) In an average year more than 700,000 improvement suggestions were submitted by Toyotas employees. That is an average of over 10 improvement suggestions per employee per year. What is perhaps most impressive is that over 99% of suggestions were implemented. This shows how employee centered the company is. Toyota knows that the employees are the key to continuous im provement, their ability and creativity leads to innovation in-house. When the employees are well looked after the company will earn their trust, their loyalty and they will work with an improved morale. Toyota Company has strived to with subsidiaries, suppliers to contribute towards a sustainable development of society making good quality automobiles. When lean manufacturing is used to eliminate waste and improve quality, as it is doing so it is effective to reduce the environmental impact as well. The ways in which Toyota has reduced environmental impact are Engaging in venture capital partnerships where the Toyota Company examines the innovator to establish a new technique to commercial development and success. Building working teams and groups of employees to research and development in sustainable practices in technology Bonding with community organizations which are environmental friendly and working in sustainable issues in order to support and help the community work. Toyota targets for growth that is in harmony with the environment by minimizing the impact which is causing by operational activities, For example reducing the impact on the climate change and biodiversity by vehicle emissions. Toyota is building a relationship between the environment and economic activities to coexist parallel. They create bonds between the individuals and the organizations that are involved in the environmental preservation. Toyota honors individualism by their philosophy of respect for people and concerns about the culture, customs, history, laws of each country which they are operating in. The evolving needs of sustainable mobility is achieves through continuous use of safe, clean and advanced technology. Illegal means are prohibited by the company to ensure long run sustainability with government and non-government agencies. The enrichment of the society is highly valued by Toyota when they are engaging in business with suppliers and customers. This will strengthen the community of the country which is involved. a) Identify the types wastes in both primary and support processes The processes Associated Wastes Primary Processes Inbound logistics Operations Out bound logistics Marketing and sales Services Support Activities Procurement Technology development Human resource management Motion Processing Transportation Inventory Waiting time Motion Defects Waiting time Transportation Inventory Transportation Inventory Defects Inventory Motion Processing Transportation Inventory Transportation Defects Inventory Processing Waiting time Processing Motion. Over production When demand reduces overproduction creates a huge problem with unsold stocks and wasted by products which include material handling inventory space, interest charges, machinery and equipment, and overhead expenses and costs. Manufacturing should be limited to only the adequate quantity with a quality standard, low cost and correct time Waiting time This is created due to worker idleness or due to employees who spend time not knowing the way to avoid the malfunctioning of the machines. When the work is specified for an assembly line the speed and volume of the work can be monitored. To reduce the waiting time only the machines and people that are needed to do the work itself can be hired. Transportation This occurs due to poor layout of the factory, basically within the assembly floor or storage facilities, which lead to over handling of goods. Long supplier lines will increase the transportation costs, while making higher fuel prices. Processing Using best practices to ensure the machinery and fixtures are undergoing regular maintenance. Inventory Stocks can be an excess charge to the company unless it is organized well. It has to be minimized to achieve higher level of standards in production. The things that should be avoided to removing unintentional inventory are Unavoidable and unreliable supply, forecasting errors, poor accuracy is the things that should be avoided to eliminate unintentional inventory. Motion This is the time spent without adding value to the product or the process. Even though there is a movement it does not indicate that the work is accomplished through it. The carefully planned layout and fixture selection can be used to eliminate this. Defects The company may lose customer satisfaction and demand for products if there is a defect of products it may reason for waiting time, material costs, labour costs in the long run. b) The danger signals of each waste Type of Waste The danger signals Faults or Defects Exceed the target production/Overproduction Stocks/ Inventories Over- Processing Human motion Transportation and Handling Waiting Confusion Unsafe or un-ergonomic Underutilized human potential Errors in Data entry errors at the office level activities Toyota company Errors on ordering and invoicing Error that can be gone to the assembly line that can be identified or corrected Change engineering orders Employee turnover Absenteeism Design flows Processing an order before it is needed. Any processes done base on routine with unpredictable demand. Producing products in advance they are needed. Any procedure of batch processing Generating processes for avoiding errors than depends on inspection Entering data into system several times by mistake Creating extra copies of unnecessary folders and providing un useful reports. Walking around production floor Walking around departments Inventories Movement Unnecessary attachments to the unpackaged to be delivered Distributing unwanted stocks to the people that are not needing them Reducing work speed because of the slow machinery. Waiting for approvals Waiting for customer and supplier information Waiting for confirmation from the management Missed data, any objectives, concepts that may reason the employees uncertainty as to what have to be done. The issues that may reasons the employees with health conditions such as back pain eye fatigue etc. This will reason because of the repetitive work they are involved in. Escaping the employees in taking regular decisions. They restrict the authority responsibility. Paying high amount of salary wages on routine tasks where their expertise is hidden in some other area. Business tools and Employees assigned work are not measured. Employees Not trusting the to perform jidoka which is to stop work to fix a problem. Employees not trusting to be clean and tiding up their work area. Employees not trusting the work for the continuous improvement. c) How Toyota Company respond to the danger signals To escape the danger signals in over production By using a sell one buy one method The Company can change their order replacement of repetitive stock. The Toyota planned Order cut-off times for delivery. When finished this process of order then selected filled and distributed. While improving performance of the delivery, smoothing demand increase significantly demands of the supplier and efficiency. By Eliminating or taking out the created demand the Toyota can cut its inventory and improve productivity. If they have surplus of the production The Toyota store, manage and protect them as inventory. As the key response of the worker have to think next step of the process as his/her own customer and provide the required quantity with excellence of quality at the lowest price and right time. To escape the danger signals in waiting The Toyota synchronize the production and distribution process with the cut-off time therefore distributors can avoid having their delivery of products or raw materials delayed cost and waiting for the next delivery by their logistics subordinate. Complete the volume of work required the capability- both speed and volume of each task can be inspected. This helps to utilise the machinery and people that wanted to minimize the method meeting the manufacturing the demands. To escape the danger signals in Transportation The system in Toyota and logistics of JIT minimized variation of demand significantly. In terms of minimization the waste have to be done in the areas of coordination of progress, layout and other general operations. To escape the danger signals in motion By carefully scheduled layout and the matched selection can eliminate this type of wastes. To escape the danger signals in inventory Inventory can be reduced to monthly supply by establishing small quantity of orders through the supply chain maintain at different order levels. The reacts to the wastes of inventory, Disposal of out-dated materials Produce the number of items required by the succeeding process Purchase the materials of required amount. Can achieve savings by volume discounts but must careful with inventory and storage cost. Produce only required quantity to achieve the most appropriate quantity, set up the measuring and measure set up and exchanges the inventory and carrying costs. To escape the danger signals in Product defects A comprehensive system should be established to reduce defect waste of products, therefore employees can get prior knowledge to recognize the defects and they can take prevention actions immediately. To escape the danger signals in processing The philosophies of design should be taken into consideration and should be employed for manufacturing. Before the production begins the processing should be reduced or removed. . Conclusion At the end this report says that The Toyota Company is succeeding their prospective through Lean Manufacturing. This Achievement is not happen coincidence but it continuing progress throughout the Lean Management and Waste Management. The employees those one of primary resources of the Toyota contribute for organizational Success. Understanding of Toyota Production System and achieving organizational gaols is very difficult to any company though it is possible to follow the Toyota Production System. The Toyota has a desire as the first organization which introduced Lean Manufacturing that eliminates wastes at any level of production process. At present many companies are following Toyota Production System and establishing Lean Manufacturing to their organizational system. They have increased the efficiency of work processes. The understanding and the application of Toyota Production System is essential stage of value chain is important.

Introduction to Buffer Solutions

Introduction to Buffer Solutions Introduction Buffer solution is a solution consisting a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base . Furthermore they declare that buffer solutions are very essential to keep the pH value nearly constant in variety of chemical application. ( Crowe and Bradshaw 2010) Many life forms thrives only in a relatively small pH range so they utilize a buffer solution to maintain a constant pH, one common example of a buffer solution found in nature is blood. buffer solution is very vital t keep the pH at a constant value in variety of enzymes in many organisms to work this is due to different enzymes work at different prà ©cised pH. On the same way they state that if the pH range moves above or below the range, the enzymatic action either stops or can denature where there are many cases denaturation can permanently disable their catalytic activity. ( Kotz, Treichel and Townsend ,2009) Buffer of carbonic acid and bicarbonate is present in blood plasma maintain pH between 7.35 to 7.45.Over more they clarify that there are two main types of buffer system, Acid buffer system: the solution containing large amount of weak acid and its salt with strong base is termed as acidic buffer solution. pH = pKa + log [salt] / [acid] Basic buffer system: the solution containing large amount of weak base and its salt with strong acid is termed as basic buffer solution. pOH = pKb + log [salt] / [base] (Moore, Stanitski and Jurs (2009) In living organisms including human the important buffer solution to maintain the ph of the blood is bicarbonate buffering system. On the other hand they state that this bicarbonate buffer system tends to maintain relatively constant plasma pH, where carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acids which in turn rapidly dissociate to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.( Lanham et al ,2011) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3 + H+ Blood is dumped by excess hydrogen ions, some of those hydrogen ions associate with bicarbonate forming carbonic acid results in increase in acidity of the blood. As well as they elaborate that due to this incident the buffering system becomes powerful regulator of acidity by accompanying with respiratory compensation in which breathing is altered to modify the carbon dioxide in circulation which results in increase in ventilation therefore increase the loss of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. (Rhoades and Bell (2012), pH meter is a electronic device that is used to measure the ph of the solution, where a typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe connected to an electronic meter that measures and display the reading. (Kenkel,2013) Objectives To know how to prepare buffer solution. To practice again how to prepare standard solution. To know how to measure the pH using pH meter. Materials Used Electronic balance Pipette Measuring cylinder Watch glass Beaker pH meter Volumetric flask (100ml) NaHPO4 powder (0.7 g) Na2HPO4 powder (1.56 g) Sodium hydroxide pellets Ammonium chloride powder Glass rod Spatula Methodology At pH 7 NAHPO4, 0.70g and Na2HPO4, 1.56g was taken and measured using the electronic balance. Then both NAHPO4 and Na2HPO4 were mixed together into the volumetric flask. First half of the volumetric flask was filled with distilled water and dissolved by inverting. Later on the flask was filled with distilled water till it reaches the meniscus level. Finally the pH was measured. At pH 10 NH4OH NH4+ + OH; pKb = 4.74 pOH = pKb + log [NH4+] / [NH3] pKw = pH + pOH 14 = 10 + pOH pOH = 4 pOH = pKb + log [NH4+] / [NH3] 4 = 4.74 + log [NH4+] / [NH3] [NH4+] / [NH3] = 10 -0.74 = 0.181 NH4CL, 0.1m standard solution was made. Afterwards NaOH, 0.34g was measured using the electronic balance. NaOH of 0.34g was obtained by, NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O x 0.1 – x 0 x [NH4+] / [NH3] = 0.181 X = 0.085M of OH- Number of mole of NaOH = 0.085 x (100 / 1000) = 0.0085 mols Mass of NaOH = 0.0085 x 40 = 0.34g Then afterwards 0.34g of NaOH was dissolved in 0.1 M of NH4Cl to form a buffer solution. NaOH, 0.1m standard solution was made. Afterwards NaOH, 0.34g was measured using the electronic balance. NH4Cl of 0.63g was obtained by, NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O x 0.1 x – 0.1 0 0.1 [NH4+] / [NH3] = 0.181 X = 0.1181M of NH4+ Number of mole of NH4Cl = 0.1181x (100 / 1000) = 0.01181 mols Mass of NH4Cl = 0.01181 x 35 = 0.63g Then afterwards 0.63g of NH4Cl was dissolved in 0.1 M of NaOH to form a buffer solution. Later on using the pH meter the final ph of each buffer solution was measured approximately. Results Discussion / Conclusion Every precise work the pH meter should be calibrated before each measurement, at every experiment the calibration is done because the glass rode does not give reproducible electro motive force over longer periods of time. Additionally further he states that pH meter calibration should be performed with at least two standard buffer solutions that span the range of pH values to be measured. (Hauser 2001) Single measurement the probe should be rinsed with distilled water to remove any traces of solution being measured and then it should be blotted using the scientific wipe to absorb any remaining water which could dilute the sample which alters the reading. (Prichard 2003) Reference Crowe, J and Bradshaw, T (2010). Chemistry of biosciences: the essential concepts. Google Books [Online].Availableat:http://books.google.lk/books?id=onacAQAAQBAJpg=PA578dq=buffer+solutionhl=ensa=Xei=UkOuU7OtJJO78gXkvIDYDQredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=buffer%20solutionf=false(Accessed: 28 Aug 2014) Kotz, J., Treichel, P and Townsend, J (2009). Chemistry and chemistry reactivity, enhanced edition. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=IBESYmQcb0sCpg=PA851dq=buffer+solutionhl=ensa=Xei=u0CuU4PYBYS78gXVpoGIAwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=buffer%20solutionf=false (Accessed: 28 aug 2014) Moore, J., Stanitski, C and Jurs, P (2009). Principles of chemistry: the molecular science. Googke Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=ZOm8L9oCwLMCpg=PA575dq=buffer+solutionhl=ensa=Xei=u0CuU4PYBYS78gXVpoGIAwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=buffer%20solutionf=false (Accessed: 27 aug 2014) Lanham, S.A., Stear,S., Shirreffs,S and Colins, A (2011). Sports and exercise nutrition. Google Books [online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=YePJM98Np5MCpg=RA1PT115dq=blood+acting+as+bufferhl=ensa=Xei=E0KuU8ypKYb_8QWLh4G4Awredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=blood%20acting%20as%20bufferf=false (Accessed: 28 aug 2014) Rhoades, R.A and Bell, D.R (2012). Medical physiology: principles of clinical medicine. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=1kGcFOKCUzkCpg=PA457dq=blood+acting+as+bufferhl=ensa=Xei=E0KuU8ypKYb_8QWLh4G4Awredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=blood%20acting%20as%20bufferf=false (Accessed: 28 June 2014) Kenkel, J (2013). Analytical chemistry for technicians fourth edition. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=JZAAAAAAQBAJpg=PA400dq=ph+meterhl=ensa=Xei=0LOuU8T0Os7r8AWY0oHwAgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=ph%20meterf=false (Accessed: 27aug 2014) Hauser, B (2001). Drinking water chemistry: laboratory manual. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=SVxcRu68YGwCpg=PA28dq=calibration+of+ph+meterhl=ensa=Xei=lQ2wU_GhI8yB8gWx9oDAAwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=calibration%20of%20ph%20meterf=false (Accessed: 26 aug 2014) Prichard, E (2003). Measurement of pH. Google books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.lk/books?id=HNJy5rtJLjACpg=PA2dq=ph+meterhl=ensa=Xei=0LOuU8T0Os7r8AWY0oHwAgredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=ph%20meterf=false (Accessed: 28 aug 2014)

Life in Southern Mill Villages, 1900s Essay -- History Textiles Papers

Life in Southern Mill Villages, 1900s The Industrial Revolution in America began to develop in the mid-eighteen hundreds after the Civil War. Prior to this industrial growth the work force was mainly based in agriculture, especially in the South (â€Å"Industrial Revolution†). The advancement in machinery and manufacturing on a large scale changed the structure of the work force. Families began to leave the farm and relocate to larger settings to work in the ever-growing industries. One area that saw a major change in the work force was textile manufacturing. Towns in the early nineteen hundreds were established around mills, and workers were subjected to strenuous working conditions. It would take decades before these issues were addressed. Until then, people worked and struggled for a life for themselves and their families. While conditions were harsh in the textile industry, it was the sense of community that sustained life in the mill villages. It would be hard to imagine what mill life would have been like if it were not for American photographer, Lewis Hine. Hine was influential in bringing public awareness to many social issues of his time. Born in a rural town in Wisconsin in 1874, Hine dedicated his life to capturing America’s cultural landscape through the people in his photographs. He was there when thousands of immigrants took their first steps on American soil at Ellis Island. In World War One he captured on film the heroic efforts of the Red Cross (â€Å"Lewis Wickes Hine†). But most importantly for this paper, are his accounts of people in the mill villages and textile factories in rural America. Through some of his pictures, we will explore life in southern mill villages in the nineteen hundreds. ... ...hristopher B. Daly. Like a Family . Chapel Hill and London: North Carolina, 1987. â€Å"Industrial Revolution.† Webster’s New World Encyclopedia . Single volume. 1992. Jones, Lu Ann Ph.D. Personal Interview. March 6, 2002. â€Å"Lewis Wickes Hine.† Merriam Webster’s Biographical Dictionary . Springfield: Merriam Webster, 1995. O’Quinlivan, Michael. Rocky Mount North Carolina Centennial Commemorative Book: â€Å"A Century of People, Purpose, and Progress .† Ulrich, Pamela Vadman. â€Å"Plain Goods†: Textile Production in Georgia, the Carolinas,and Alabama, 1880 to 1920 . Michigan: Bell and Howell Information Company, 1991. Veto, Robert Elliott. Looms and Weavers, Schools and Teachers: Schooling in North Carolina Mill Towns, 1910-1940 . Michigan: Bell and Howell Information Company, 1989. Watt, W. Early Cotton Factories in North Carolina and Alexander County.

Paris in the 1920’s †“The Lost Generation” Essay -- History France Pa

Paris in the 1920’s – â€Å"The Lost Generation† Between the end of the First World War and Hitler's seizure of power a cultural explosion occurred in Paris that altered our notions of art and reality and shaped our way of viewing the world ever since. In the 1920's, Paris became the undisputed international capital of pleasure and was regarded as the cultural and artistic center of Europe with a reputation for staging one of its most glamorous eras, as well as some of the most spectacular revues in the world. Imagine for a moment, that it really is 1920's Paris. You are leisurely strolling through the gas lit promenades. World War I is over and the exuberance of jazz musicians, symbolist painters, and American expatriates fills the â€Å"City of Light† with a buzz as sharp as electricity. The city revolves around nothing more than cafà © life, drinking, and dining. A young, American man enters a small, smoky cafà © that is popular among other expatriates. He is the world-famous novelist, F. Scott Fitzge rald, and he sits down next to Ernest Hemingway. The two authors begin a friendship that characterizes the artistic culture of 1920's Paris – an era described by Gertrude Stein as "where the twentieth century was." Finding two artists like Fitzgerald and Hemingway pleasantly chatting together in a random bookstore or cafà © in 1920's Paris was not unusual. Paris swarmed with a number of intellectuals, poets, and artists who had fled America seeking a less materialistic and more uncomplicated lifestyle. Paris was the center of it all. It became a breeding ground for the arts and for some of America's greatest authors, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, E.E. Cummings, John Dos Passos, Ezra ... ... N/A. â€Å"Searching for Ernest Hemingway’s Paris.† http://www.thaiair.com/flying/aroundworld/aroundworld-06.htm. Around the World with Thai Airways International. This is a good site because it talks a lot about how Ernest Hemingway saw Paris during the time he was living there, so you can get a good picture of it yourself. It also talks a little bit about modern day Paris and some of the historical places that still remain today from the 1920’s. N/A. http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~garychapman/paris.html. (Home Page) I thought this was a neat site to include because it describes the fashion and costume design of the 1920’s in Paris. There are some good pictures to look at that help you to get a better idea of how Parisian women typically dressed. However, it only focuses on one woman, Dolly Tree, so it is a bit limited.

Developing an Advertising Program Essay

In developing an advertising program, marketing managers must always start by identifying the targetmarket and buyer motives. Then they can make the five major decisions, known as ? the five Ms?. y Mission:It states the objectives of the advertising. It also includes the sales goals of thecompany. The different company has its own mission, and its own marketing plan. y Money:It gives an idea that how much money should be spent by the company for theadvertisement. Factors to be considered for this are stage of product life cycle, market shareand consumer base, competition, advertisement frequency and product substitutability. Organizations use several methods for determining advertising budgets including:affordable method, percentage-of-sales, competitive-parity method, objective-and-task method : y Message: Message includes what message should be spent in advertisement. It includesmessage generation, message evaluation and selection, message execution and socialresponsibility review. Media:It includes which media should be used for the advertisement.  It also includes reach,frequency, and impact of the advertisement. It also contains major media types, mediavehicles, media timing and geographical media allocation. y Measurement: it is nothing but evaluation of the results. It measures communicationimpact and sales impact by an advertisement. 1) Setting The ObjectivesThe advertising objectives must flow from prior decisions on target market, brand positioning and themarketing program. Informative advertising:The prime objective of the advertising is to inform the existing and potentialcustomers about the product. Persuasive advertising:It aims to create liking preference, conviction and purchase of a product orservice. Persuasion will create demand of the product. Reminder advertising:It aims to simulate repeat purchase of products and services. This will remind thecustomers that the product may be needed in the near future. Reinforcement advertising:It aims to convince current purchases that they made the right choice.

ICT †The Way I do Things at Home and at School Essay

I use ICT a lot at home and at school and in this report I will show how, where, when and why I use these appliances. At home there are many appliances which use ICT, for example; Microwaves, Mobile Phones etc. But there are also some appliances which I also use at school for example; PCs. And I will also show how I use these things in different ways. I use my mobile phone a lot at home, it is just one of the few ways I keep in touch with people who I don’t often see and live quite a way away. There are only two ways people can contact me on my mobile phone The phone I own is a ‘Samsung A300e’ which also has WAP. WAP is Wireless Application Protocol which is a standard way to connect to the internet using wireless devices; it also allows you to access information like text and images. I can use my mobile phone anywhere in the home except where I can’t get a signal; the only place in the home is usually the basement. With different networks you can different signals for example I am on â€Å"Virgin† which does not have many satellites in space and therefore does not have as much coverage as â€Å"Vodafone† who have many more satellites and can cover a larger amount of land. The good things about having a mobile phone is that if there is no other way to contact friends in an emergency then it is very easy to contact them using a mobile, although there are some downsides to having a mobile phone and there are that people may contact you and you may not want them to, or you could be somewhere important like a meeting and someone could contact you either by ringing you or sending a SMS, I use digital television quite often and it is transmitted through a satellite dish which is placed on the side of the house and transmits in signals which allow more channels to be viewed than normal, the channels range from 101 to 999 but obviously there are not channels on every number some channels are skipped e.g. 666 there is just a message that says channel unavailable. With digital TV you can shop and even play games. There is also lots of information that can be found out like, cinema listings or even the latest live shows. There is always a TV guide available sorted into sections like, comedy, music or sport which is easier if you are looking for something in particular. I use a microwave at home to heat food or defrost something frozen. I use it to heat things because it is a lot more efficient than the stove. It also knocks down the time of defrosting because I can just set it to defrost and put it on for several minutes rather than leaving it out over night. I play a lot of the time on computer consoles because it is a form of entertainment for me. I play many games like football manager games and platform games such as ‘CROC’ which are more like adventure games. I have a playstation 2 which can also play playstation 1 games and use the same joypads. I have many other games like Mind hunters which take hours to complete and when I usually finish them I have usually being playing for about 100 hours all together. I also use an X-BOX which is one of the best consoles of all time in my opinion, although it is slightly expensive therefore I have few games, the pads can range from small to large which I think are a bit big for my liking. I use a PC a lot at school because I do Applied ICT and I also use them to type up course work in many of my lessons e.g. English. I also use them for entertainment I go on the internet quite a lot, after I finished my work. I use sites like, mousebreaker.com and uwizone.com which is my email. When I’m on email I come into contact with people from all around the world like India and the USA. This is an advantage because if there were no PCs I would be required to do all work by hand and probably wouldn’t be doing ICT GCSE. When using the computer I have to abide by several laws like the computer misuse act and the copyright act. The software I use is: Word- to word process Excel- to create spreadsheets Access- to create databases Power Point- to create presentations

Goffman Traits Essay

His books have shown that in spite of total institution, people tend to break through their own personalities and redefine their established roles in regulated societies (Handler, 2012, p. 179). Total institution can be dived into five different categories. The first type of institutions are for harmless and helpless people who are incapable of taking care of themselves, such as aged, poor or blind. The second category of institution is mental hospitals that take in people who are helpless and could be harmful to the society; people who seek for treatment. The third category is for people who pose Page | 3 danger and threat to the welfare of the communities and are put into institutions such as prisons and concentration camps. The forth type of institutions are established to create a working environment among the societies, such as military camps, boarding schools and work camps. The final type of institutions is for people who want to be isolated from the rest of the world, such as church and convents (Davies, 1989, p. 77- 82). 2. 2. Four common traits of total institution In 1961, Goffman (as cited in Schaefer, 2004, p. 82) has pointed out four common factors that a total institution posses. Firstly he believes, â€Å"all aspect of life are conducted in the same place and are under the control of a single authority†. This trait illustrates the common ground used and a certain dominance enforced on the participants. Secondly, â€Å"any activities within the institution are conducted in the company of others in the same circumstances†. Thirdly, â€Å"The authorities devise rules and schedule activities without consulting the participants†. Here we understand that the members are forced to conform to certain practices. Lastly, â€Å"all aspects of life within a total institution are designed to fulfil the purpose of the organization†. This explains how the members in the group ‘working’ towards one goal (Schaefer, 2004, p. 82). 2. 3. Degradation ceremony Degradation ceremony is considered to be under the scope of the sociology of moral resentment. A degradation ceremony is a rite of passage sometimes used to initiate people into total institutions such as mental hospitals, prisons, and military units as discussed earlier (Garfinkel, 2011b). Degradation ceremony often aims to transform an individual’s identity and dignity to a lower form therefore allowing them to be more acceptant to the external control such as authorities. During this process one loss his ascribed or achieved social status that he or she possess. Garfinkel (2011a, p. 420). Garfinkel (2011a, p. 420) mentions in his studies, an observer will be unable to find a degradation ceremony in societies that are demoralized, since only in total anomie are the conditions of degradation ceremonies lacking. Page | 4 2. 4. Resocialization Resocialization is the process when an individual’s former behaviour pattern or social role is altered or replaced. After which retraining the person psychologically to fit the standards and behavior of the common society. Resocialization is often carried through the degradation ceremony when a person is stripped from his status so be able to apprehend the new behaviour patterns and values (Scheff, 2007, p. 85). Most of the time the term ‘rehabilitation’ and ‘resocialization’ are misunderstood for the same significance. However these two are interpreted the same way. Rehabilitation is just a small part or process of resocialization (Weinstein, 1982, p. 269). Goffman’s mental institute hospital study is a good example to illustrate resocialization. The staffs usually try to instil in patients that they had done something wrong in the society. And if they wanted to free themselves from the hospital and get back to the society, they would have to change themselves (Weinstein, 1982, p. 272). . 3. Self- reflection My two-year experience in the Singapore Police Force (National Service) was interesting and far challenging. The first six months of the job was known as the ‘stay-in training’ or otherwise known as total institution from the sociological perspective. Our intake, which had approximately 130 cadets, were required to stay at a camp for 6 months situated at the outskirts where there were no other human dwelling. I remember the very first day when we entered, we were shouted at by the superiors for no reason and were told to strip naked to have our bodies checked for tattoos. The superiors projected their dominance through their tone of voice. The second day all the cadets were issued with uniforms and had to shave our heads bald. We were given a time table on what had to be done everyday from the time we woke up to the amount of water we drunk to the schedule time that we had our Page | 5 meals. We had no say and were just do as we were told. Failing to comply led to punishments. The main purpose of this institution was to instil discipline into each one of us as we were preparing to represent the country’s internal security. Therefore to successfully carry out the resocialization we were put through the degradation ceremony where we had to shave our head bald and given uniforms and forcefully told what to do. Here we are able to associate all four traits that were identified by Erving Goffman. 4. Four major theoretical perspectives The four different perspectives would help us understand total institution from a clearer view. The functionalist perspective has three different categories; manifest function, latent function and dysfunction (Henslin, 2011, p. 16). If we take military camp as an example, the manifest function would be to recruit people to protect the country to maintain peace and order. The latent function is a hidden function such as creating job opportunities and instilling values and discipline into the cadets. The dysfunction would be if the cadets were to use the tactics and teachings learned in the camp for a negative purpose while off their duty. Conflict perspective is a common issue faced when looked at the military. The cadets who flow into the camp on the first day come from a many different backgrounds. Conflicts could arise not only between the views of superior and the cadets but could arise among members itself when work in teams due to the different culture, values and beliefs. Feminist perspective involves the history which back dates to when female where to stay home to look after the family while men went out for war to protect their country mainly due to their physics. However the norm on this perspective is being abolished and we tend to find female soldiers and officers involved in the military. According to my self reflection interaction perspective can be classified has the verbal and non- verbal communication styles used by the superiors, such as the authoritative tone of voice. Page | 6 5. Conclusion We have clearly understood the necessity of the five different types of social institution in a society. The essay had also covered the common traits present in the institutions. Also learnt the importance of degradation ceremony while resocialization and how it’s required to kill the former sense of an individual. However I personally believe three out of five of the total institutions are not preferable places to be at. The fact that many are not offered opportunities to work at their own free will deprives them from others and makes them feel less worthy of themselves. They are taught to obey their superiors, out of fear. In most of the occasions they are treated as numbers than a human being. Therefore allowing an individual to loose his or her sense of identity. Goffman’s discussion encouraged me to look at total institution characteristics, such as resocialization, through a positive and negative lens, depending on the situation and context. Page | 7 6. Reference list Davies, C. (1989). Goffman’s concept of the total institution: Criticism and revisions. Human Studies, 12, 77-95. El-Mafaalani, A. (2009). Do underachievers need sociology. Journal of social science education, 8(4), 35-42. Garfinkel, H. (n. d. ). Conditions of successful degradation ceremonies. (2011). American Journal of Sociology, 6(5), 420-424. GORDON MARSHALL. â€Å"degradation ceremony. † A Dictionary of Sociology. 1998. Encyclopedia. com. 16 Apr. 2013 . Handler, R. (2012). What’s up,doctor goffman? tell us where the action is!. Journal of the royal Anthropological Institute, 18, 179-190. Henslin, J. (2011). Essentials of sociology a down-to-earth approach. (9TH ed. , pp. 16-18). Boston,America: PEARSON.