Green Building Technology Essay Example for Free

Green Building Technology Essay 1. Introduction Would there be a technology that can benefit nature and human beings at the same time? Conventional belief over the use of technology is that nature is sacrificed and used up for the sake of human beings. However, technology is not simply about efficiency anymore, and its associated grounds are expanding. Concern over environment is one of the most prominent ones, and ‘Green building technology’ falls under it. Green building technology aims to create environmentally responsible buildings or housings throughout its life span, while using the resources available efficiently. It involves the whole process of building certain structure, covering the processes of design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction (EPA). In short, it is construction technology that tries to optimize environmental sustainability and efficiency while not giving up the necessary qualities of living spaces. Idea of Green building arose as OPEC oil embargo occurred in year 1973 with an Initial goal of reducing its fossil fuel usage. This being a motive, further researches was done by different groups and green building came into housing trend (Marble Institute) After that, there had been increased attention and development of green building technology. People are more interested in looking for environmentally friendly housings and many governments are promoting it through different kinds of green construction standards. Yet, is this technology really giving us substantial benefit in our daily lives? What kind of benefits, in specific, is it providing? What would be the processes of achieving such impacts? Even though this technology does not have a long history, it is already causing changes in reducing energy and resource usages; economic and social benefits are in rise too. Green building has substantial positive effect in both environment and economy, with potential for better outcomes in the future. This can be supported by numerous facts and application of technology. Specific applications of controlling energy usage leads to outright reducing of resources used in construction, which in bigger ground, leads to overall change of human society. 2. Functions in Resource Conservation 2.1 Background The need to conserve natural resources arose from several natural changes in climate. First major change was the global increase of temperature, which also caused devastating natural disasters. (Figure 1) For example, this diagram from NASA’s investigation implies that until the point of 1990s, at least there were below-zero global temperature anomaly. But it has exceeded the point of 0 degrees Celsius since then, reaching higher points. This caused problems like shifting natural characteristics for some countries (i.e. gaining more tropical climate, while the area doesn’t fall under tropical area) and extreme weathers like heat waves leading to hundreds of casualties (IPCC). Stanford researchers predicts summers will keep getting hotter for the next 20 years (Rust,2011) Additional problems of high energy dependencies and its consequences are not negligible too. Oil prices have doubled since 10 years ago with annual increase of 25% between 2004 and 2008 (Bauer, 2010). For countries who import their energy resources, reducing the energy usage and saving money is a big concern. High dependency in energy usage often causes crisis in some special crisis situations. It could be financial, political, or literally natural disaster. While so, housing alone takes up major portion of total energy usage. According to United States’ Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), it accounted for 38.9 percent of total U.S. energy consumption in 2005. In year 2006 it took 72 percent of total U.S. electricity consumption and this number will rise to 75% by 2025. So it can be seen how change in managing housings can lead to positive changes (EPA). Green building technology tackles against these problems with many different technologies, adopting them appropriately for each aspects of energy conservation. While so, 2 examples that directly fight against specific aspects are brought up here. 2.2 Heat Control Firstly, it has been said that the heating and cooling process of a household heavily uses electricity and causes substantial carbon emission. Following are statistics stated by EPA: †¢ The average household spends at least $2,000 a year on energy bills — over half of which goes to heating and cooling. †¢ Out of the total energy consumption in an average household, 50% goes to space heating, 27% to run appliances, 19% to heat water and 4% goes to air conditioning. The numbers are self-explanatory; heating and cooling alone is a big part of whole energy consumption. Temperature control technology for green building enables reducing such consumption and carbon emission. During summer the sun light directly enters through houses through windows or hits the surfaces of outer building and heats up the whole construction. Four factors affect heat accumulation in a home: solar heat gain, internal heat gain, air leakage, and temperature difference. To solve these problems, approaches such as using shades, changing color of outer building, change of roof structure, reducing internal heat generating sources (ex. Electronic equipment), and better use of spaces for air ventilation are used. Today’s buildings also use machine controlled ventilation system or, manual adjustment of ventilation openings to control the heat (Bauer, 2010). On the other hand, during winter it is important to keep and gain every possible heat. A simple method like building the houses facing towards south or optimizing use of sunlight would be the most well-known methods. Additionally, methods of ‘loading up’ the heat into the building are also used, which is using methods like using atria or double faà §ade- dual dimensioned surfaces like windows or wall surfaces- which can support the heat insulation by 20% (Bauer, 2010). As a particular example, window films are proven to be effective in solar radiation cut, reducing the heat level entering a house. The benefit of windows films is clear; it reflects the sun radiation that causes heat and let the room keep cool with less efforts, in terms of both cost and energy usage. This means less air conditioning is used and less energy is consumed. It is proposed by Solar Gard ®, that â€Å"Not only do Solar Gard’s architectural solar control window films help cut energy expenditures by up to 30%, its Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) scientifically proves that Solar Gard and Panorama ® solar control window films have a net positive environmental impact worldwide (Solar Gard). These are specific effects of window film proposed by them; 1. One square meter of a low-e wood window, the type with the smallest carbon footprint, has a carbon cost of 253 kilograms. The carbon cost of Solar Gard window film is less than one kilogram per square meter. 2. Solar Gard window film saves 1001 times more GHG emissions from entering the atmosphere than is used and/or created during its manufacture. 3. Solar Gard window film installed between 2007 and 2008 saved 3.6 million tons of CO2 from entering the atmosphere; this is equivalent to the carbon output of 16,350 American families (with four people). This particular products’ such effects can be expected from other window films too. In short, all these heat controlling technologies serve to reduce the electricity usage with additional energy conserving effects of reduced carbon emissions. 2.3 Emission Control Speaking of carbon emissions, there are specific uses of materials that combats them. In United States, housing alone takes 38 percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions (EPA). Carbon dioxide emission is one of the well-known factors that are blamed for the global warming. The famous Kyoto Protocol was established in order to limit this and also to achieve better results with global warming around the world. Choice of materials for constructions is thus carefully chosen from the planning stage, since once used in the process of construction, it is hard to replace them afterwards. Different sorts of materials has different amount of carbon emissions, and in green building that is considered as major criteria. Other aspects of renewability and sustainability are also considered carefully when material is picked. One specific example of such effort would be use of wood for floorings. Wood has its advantage as a building material from its characteristics of low embodied energy, low carbon impact, low pollution emission, and sustainability. Low embodied energy means it takes less efforts and resources in order to get it. Wood, since it has minimal energy processing during harvesting, has relatively lower embodied energy than those like steels, concrete, aluminum, plastic. In terms of carbon impact, it has lower carbon emission than most of other construction materials. Compared to other artificial or metal types or materials, it shows significantly lower level of carbon emission just as shown in figure 2. Figure 2 Basically, this is the most important characteristic of wood usage for green building, and it is listed as the followings in the website of The Solid Wood Flooring Company: * For every tonne of CO2 a tree absorbs from the atmosphere nearly  ¾ of a tonne of oxygen is produced * Over 83% of the timber supplied in the UK is certified to be sustainable * Using wood instead of other building materials saves an average of 0.9 tonnes of CO2 per cubic metre. * An ‘EUR’ wooden pallet stores around 29kg of CO2 taken from the atmosphere during the growth of the tree While metals and other fossil-based materials are not renewable resources, wood can be maintained forever if carefully used. It has to be accompanied by careful forestry planning, but it is definitely one resource that can be continuously re-grown. 3. Impacts 3.1 Social Impacts With all the features that efficiently use the natural energy and resources, green building technology also supports well-being of tenants in the buildings. It typically contributes to improve employees’ and students’ health, comfort and productivity. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)—one of the criteria of the U.S Green Building Council’s LEED-H rating system—evaluates the subtle issue that influences people’s status of mind and body in a space. It has been scientifically proven by related study that people tend to be more productive and contribute better performance in environment with better ventilation and proper temperature control (Abdou, 2006). Figure 3 Just as shown in figure 3, improved working or living condition leads to better work performances. The study sponsored in part by commercial real estate giant Cushman Wakefield, reported 30 percent fewer sick days among one companys employees, and discovered a 10 percent increase in net revenue per employee in another company, after each office moved to LEED-certified buildings. Schools operating in green buildings also demonstrate higher test scores and heightened academic enthusiasm among students (Abdou, 2006) Plus, nature friendly methods and materials used in green buildings proved to ease sicknesses that could occur in daily lives of tenants. It is believed to contribute widely to respiratory problems, allergies, nausea, headaches, and skin rashes. With much emphasis on ventilation, non-toxic, low emitting materials and cutting use of air conditioning, green buildings indeed create healthier and more comfortable living environments, which keep people away from ‘Sick Building Syndromes’ (Fisk, 2002). In summary, all these benefits retrieved from applying green building technology can lead to wholesome social benefit of people, by promoting health initiatives and pleasurable living spaces. Hence it further goes on to the bigger scale of expanding economic ground, by improving productivity and economic activity of the users of this technology. 3.2 Economic Impacts Green buildings are so much more cost effective compared to conventional buildings. According to the USGBC’s LEED rating system, green buildings tend to be 25-30% more energy efficient and more likely to generate the renewable resource on-site. Due to its cost effectiveness, energy saving and easy maintenance, green buildings outperform non-green buildings in the resale market. Basically a newly–constructed green building will perform 10.9% better than its original construction value. Prospective buyers who realize the utility and maintenance cost and are more concerned about the sustainable design of the building will be attracted towards it. Though there is a common perception that green buildings cost a heavy premium over normal buildings, the cost of green design has dropped in the last few years as the number of green buildings has risen. Hence buildings both residential and commercial with sustainable design component continue retaining a high property value in th e retailing market (McGraw Hill Construction, 2010). By continuing to grow in different ground of constructions from the usual ones, green building technology is opening new opportunities for more economic activities with its prospects. As consumers and suppliers become more interested in such technology, it carries much potential for better outcomes. 4. Future Prospects Then would these outcomes continue to exist in the upcoming future too? Green building is getting on the line of popularity within the general public who are becoming more aware of environmental conservation. Governments are encouraging it with various policies and incentives with brandings. It does seem like there are some positive prospects for green building technology to continue to grow in the future. There are supple amounts of factors encouraging such potentials. Regarding the future upcoming green building designs, buildings such as Zero-Energy Buildings are being explored. Zero-energy building (ZEB) is the designation given to buildings that have zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually. These buildings harvest energy produced on-site to meet their own energy needs. In addition to this, ideas of green schools are also being developed. Certified Green Schools are growing rapidly as part the LEED System. This trend will accelerate as understanding of the health and educational benefits of green schools grow (Yudelson, 2010). On the other hand, research efforts for further protection of environment are encouraging the future growth too. Awareness of the coming global crisis in fresh water supply leads building designers and managers to take further steps to reduce water consumption to increase sustainability. This will be done in buildings through the use of more conservation-oriented fixtures, rainwater recovery systems and innovative new water technologies. Lifecycle Analysis (LCA) examines the impact of materials and will allow architects to determine what products are more sustainable and what combination of products can produce the most environmentally friendly results (GEP, 2011). In 2011, the annual Image Power Global Green Brands Study polled more than 9,000 people in 8 countries (USA, UK, China, Brazil, India, Germany, France and Australia) to analyze consumers’ perception of green products. All participating countries, either developed or developing, indicated that they were quite willing to open up their wallets and pay a bit more for green options in real estate. Most of the informants showed great interest to the green buildings. To be precise, 60% of the surveyed consumers globally intend to extend their green choices more and more to items in the real estate, energy and technology sectors (Longsworth, 2011). By 2013 overall global green building market, both residential and commercial, may more than double in its scale from approximately $36-$49 billion to $96-$140 billion. When looking solely at the commercial and institutional real estate development markets, the green building market is projected to grow from its current occupation of 10-12% of the market to 20-25% (GreenBuildings.com). The future market trends are predicted to continue to grow with certain incentives and initiatives. One of them would be green building technology being encouraged to be used in government sectors. Government offices will need to be transformed into green buildings because of regulatory requirements in many countries. Such need will be the key growth area for green building market. Cash incentives for developers will play a major role in this too. Singapore, Australia, Hong Kong and Japan have developed strong support system and incentives for green building developers, designers and owners. Seeing benefits from such incentives, more experts will enter into green building area, stimulating its growth (FrostSullivan, 2009). 5. Conclusion Green building, regardless its short history, has achieved a lot in a short term. Its variety of technologies gave rise of new solutions for using less energy yet enjoying more nature friendly benefits, and as it get popular, economic and social benefits arose. Specific technologies that have been discussed were temperature control technologies and choice of building materials. Such direct outcomes lead green building’s positive impacts to be applied on overall human society and economy. From the current outcomes of green building technology and its rising popularity, it seems to have good prospects for the future growth too. There are different factors of future designs and economic incentives encouraging this trend, and so further growth followed by more positive impacts can be expected. These all consequently support the idea; green building has substantial positive effect in both environment and economy, with potential for even better outcomes in the future. Still, there are problems and limitations of green building technology that we have to consider about for the moment. It is a new born technology and yet to be fully developed. Hence full green buildings that incorporate much of the technology are prone to be accused for its high costs as mentioned before and also its insufficient development of efficiency are often pointed at as something unworthy of further developments. Nevertheless, its future potentials cannot be abandoned simply because of its current limitations. Since the initial goal of green building is to reduce human use of natural resources and promote sustainability, current green building technology should be pushed on for further developments that can solve problems at the moment and so forth move on to achieve its goal in an even better way. Besides, its potentials are sufficient to predict better efficiency and profound benefits for our society. Hence green building technology should be acknowledged for its supportive impacts on environment not only for the current moment, but also for the upcoming future that will aid human beings to continue to live on without exhausting the natural resources.

Brookshire Grocery Company :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brookshire Grocery Company, known for its commitment to excellent customer service, was established in 1938. The company began with one store in downtown Tyler, Texas under the name Brookshire Brothers. Soon after, the company changed its name to Brookshire Grocery Company and expanded to four stores in Tyler and Longview, Texas, which included the first air-conditioned store in East Texas (brookshires.com). Over the years, the Brookshire Grocery Company chain has grown to more than 150 stores throughout Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas and, most recently, Mississippi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The firm began to open â€Å"warehouse-style stores under the trade name Super 1 Foods and 1 ’superstore’ under the trade name Brookshire’s Supercenter† in the 1980’s offering people other ways to save money (tsha.utexas.edu). Brookshire Grocery Company is also currently operating grocery store in Plano, Texas under the name Ole Foods to try to appeal to the Hispanic population in the community. The company’s manufacturing facilities include a bakery plant, dairy plant, ice cream plant, ice plant and water plant near Tyler, Texas (Brookshire Briefs).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brookshire’s offers a variety of specialty departments in many of its stores. Among these are bakeries, pharmacies delicatessens, floral departments, in-store film processing departments, and video rentals (tsha.utexas.edu). â€Å"In 1977, Brookshire’s established the World of Wildlife and Country Store Museum in the corporate complex† featuring activities for children (tsha.utexas.edu).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to recent acquisitions, employment in the company has exceeded 12,000 employees (Brookshire Briefs). Brookshire’s has placed a heavy emphasis on replacing, expanding, and modernizing stores where needed in order to meet customer demands and better serve them. The firm has recently â€Å"purchased and opened 17 former Winn-Dixie stores in North-central, Texas and four former Albertsons stores in the Jackson, Mississippi area† (Tribune Business News).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brookshire Grocery Company also introduced a low-carbohydrate, low-sugar frozen dessert called LeCarb in 2001 proving the firm to contribute to creativity and innovation as well as providing options to health-conscious consumers. By May of 2002, the product was distributed nationwide as the first product available of its kind (Tribune Business News).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The grocery market is highly competitive. Brookshire’s has found that superior customer service is the key to success. Consumers who are familiar with the Brookshire’s personnel know that they will be greeted with a friendly smile and helpful attitude. Employee meetings and up-beat newsletters from the corporate office are excellent ways of reminding the employees of the significance of making customer satisfaction the most important part of their jobs.

Capitalism and Alienation: The Foundation

The development of capitalism can be correlated with the economic development in the West. Capitalism allowed innovation to take precedence over traditional forms of labor and business. It replaced these traditional forms because capitalism was by nature a flexible and adaptive economic system. By incorporating competition in its rubric (a sign of flexibility), it was able to encourage the private sector to invest more in the market, resulting inevitably to increased public welfare. It was also this competition that allowed innovation to develop. By increasing the number and quality of players in the market, economic collusion was prevented, and hence this forced all firms to formulate efficient means to capture a significant portion of the market share. Because other firms would want to â€Å"get† the same portion of the â€Å"pie†, their relative share in the market remained the same; increasing the benefits accrued to the society. Thus, we come to the second quality of capitalism: adaptability. Adaptability refers to the capacity of a system to capture new locations to which it may be situated. Being adaptive does not necessarily mean that capitalism will succumb to the power of tradition or existing cultural systems. Rather capitalism sought to redefine the foundations of society (Marx, 1844/1959). Changing some aspects of society would inevitably result to a categorical redefinition of societal institutions. Capitalism could then infiltrate the society and spread its scorching arms. At this point Marx began to examine the â€Å"evils† resulting from this economic system. He argued that although capitalism initially stimulated innovation, in the long-run the bad effects of capitalism would be revealed in the so-called â€Å"superstructures† (refer to the institutions of the society – as differentiated from â€Å"substructures† which refer to the overarching systems of any society). When capitalism developed into a full, working economic system, it encouraged the private sector to invest in the market. The market here referred to the manufacturing and industrial sectors of 19th century European cities. This caused widespread migration of laborers from rural areas to booming industrial centers. In exchange for wages, the laborers â€Å"sold† their labor to capital-owners – labor became a commodity. Because labor was treated as a commodity, the capital-owner became essentially the owner of labor (Marx, 1844/1959). Although it was far from slavery, its effects were never far from the â€Å"qualities† of slavery. Here Marx identified two major effects of capitalism that approached the characteristics of slavery. The first problem that workers encountered in the workplace was alienation. Alienation refers general to the breakdown of natural interconnectedness of entities (Marx, 1844/1959). Applied to the social sciences, this refers to the natural interconnectedness of man to other things. When a man produced a certain good, it was natural to consider the man as the owner of such good. In capitalism, because the laborer sold his labor to the capital-owner, the latter became the owner of the laborer’s labor. Thus, laborers experienced 4 types of alienation in the workplace. Here are as follows: 1) alienation of man to his own products, 2) alienation of man to his fellow workers, 3) alienation of man to the production process/activities, and 4) alienation of man to his own development. The first alienation refers to the inability of the worker to own the products made by his own labor. The second type of alienation refers to the breakdown of man’s relationship to his fellow laborers in the workplace. The third connotes the inability of man to control the production process to which his labor is a significant factor of production. The last type of alienation in the workplace refers to the incapacity of man, given current circumstances, to develop his personal being. According to Marx, even lawyers and respected professionals end up as laborers because of their incapacity to oppose capitalism. When alienation became immanent in the workplace, the capitalist could easily grapple the value of the laborers, exploiting it until valueless; thus the second problem – exploitation. Reference Marx, Karl. (1844/1959). Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

Martin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis - 1260 Words

Martin Luther King Jr. advocates for non-violence throughout much of his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail.† However, he uses the extremist behavior of the black nationalists as a way to threaten the â€Å"white moderates† into siding with him on the issue of Civil Rights with the idea that he is the most moderate and sensible person leading the fight for equality. How can King justify using others’ violence to argue for nonviolence? Even though King’s tactics seems contradictory, it did help to encourage â€Å"white moderates† to advance his cause for equality, avoiding the violence of extremist groups. King was the leading voice in the fight against racial segregation and aided in amending the nation’s moral values. The way in which people thought†¦show more content†¦Approximately five years after the publication of his doctrine, King would write his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail,† outlining those same qualities in order to inspire those that were against his methods of nonviolent resistance. While King speaks heavily of nonviolence in his 1963 letter, he speaks heavily about the violence of others. King has come to the realization that in order for â€Å"white moderates† to side with him, he must first show them that there are worst alternatives. For example, he goes into great detail about the black nationalists, specifically Elijah Muhammad who was the leader of the Nation of Islam (NOI), an African American religious and political movement, that King refers to as a force of â€Å"bitterness and hatred†(King, Letter). While Muhammad brought together a movement that ignited a pride amongst African Americans in their cultural heritage, one cannot deny that much of Muhammad’s actions and rhetoric promoted violence against whites. King was able to capitalize on Muhammad’s violent behavior, and transformed it into an â€Å"us versus them† argument in his letter, with King being on the side of the â€Å"white moderates† and Muhammad and his followers being on the side against them. King is basically pleading for whites to join his cause because ifShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis806 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† Likita M. 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Financial Analysis Of The Bank - 741 Words

Ekaterina Antonova Financial Analysis of the Bank as at 31 December 2013 Business description and operating environment The Bank provides universal banking services with core activities in corporate and retail banking. The rapid increase in total assets by 72%, customer deposits by 64% and net loans by 70% over 1Q 2013 suggests that the Bank merged with another bank. While competition in the Polish banking sector remains intense, the merged bank is likely to benefit from a more diversified revenue structure, stronger origination capacity and some cost benefits. The Bank had total assets of PLN 106.1bn (EUR 25.6bn), equity of PLN 14.5bn (EUR 3.5bn) and generated net income of PLN 2.0bn (EUR 477m) in 2013. In the latest Regional Economic Prospects Update , EBRD expects that Poland’s recovery will continue to accelerate, following last year’s expansion by 1.6%. Supported by positive trends in the labour market, improving external demand and healthier credit conditions, the economy is set to grow by 2.8 % this year and next. Margins/Profitability The bank has sound revenue structure, with net interest income and net commission and fee income accounting for 54% and 29% of total operating income (before provisions) in 2013. Dependency on volatile income from trading activities is limited, contributing 3% to operating income. Net income increased by 37% over the year mainly because of the merger as return on average assets remained stable at 2.4%. While remaining strong, netShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis Of Bank Of Queensland1873 Words   |  8 PagesABSTRACT The purpose of this report is to provide a financial analysis of Bank of Queensland (BOQ) taking into consideration its competitive strategic responses, corporate governance and its overall financial performance. 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The Reason Why Israel Wanted A King - 857 Words

During the time of Samuel, the nation of Israel desired to have a king for many reasons. Ultimately, Saul was chosen and rejected, and was succeeded by David, who became a better king than Saul. Unfortunately, after David’s death, Israel was divided due to a sin committed by Solomon. Let’s begin by looking at why Israel desired a king. The main reason why Israel wanted a king was to be â€Å"like all the other nations† (Hindson and Yates 2012). â€Å"Then all the elders of Israel gathered together and came to Samuel at Ramah and said to him, â€Å"Behold, you are old and your sons do not walk in your ways. Now appoint for us a king to judge us like all the nations† (1 Sam 8:4-5 ESV). According to the scriptures, the elders thought that Samuel was too old and his sons did not have the same walk with God that Samuel had. The Israelites not only wanted a king, but a king who would judge them (1 Sam 8:6). 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Tourism Management Of Wimbledon Tennis †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Tourism Management Of Wimbledon Tennis? Answer: Introduction: The report discusses about the tourism management of Wimbledon Tennis Championships. The beginning has a brief description of the event in terms of the type of the event. However, the event chosen for this particular purpose is Australian Open that is a major event. There is also discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of organizing such events. The positive impacts lie in the fact that it is a game for every human from every sphere of life. Then there is discussion about how the emergence of technology that is making the sport a real time experience for the people worldwide. The players also benefited through the technology as they can interact with their fans socially. The report also gives an overview of the negative influence of such events they problems to locals in the peak season in terms of stagnancy in traffic. The stakeholders for the events discussed along with the economic impact of the event in the Australian capital. This is a notable fact that the Australian Open is one of the largest annual sports events in the Victoria calendar. Through the report, one can also see how the Tennis Championships of Australia is also having an impact on the community as a whole. Tourism Event In Terms of Type of the Event Wimbledon Tennis Championships is the most prestigious and oldest tennis tournament of the world. Earlier these tennis tournaments took place on the grass courts of the All England Wimbledon club. Wimbledon includes four Grand Slam tennis tournaments while the others being the US Open, French open and Australian open (Sell et.al 2014). However, 1988 saw a shift in the Australian open to the hard court therefore Wimbledon is the only major played in grass court. Here, the Wimbledon event spoken about is the Australian Open that is a major tennis tournament annually held in January during the last fortnight in Melbourne located in Australia. The venue however chosen is Melbourne Park that remained unchanged since 1988. The Australian Open first held in 1905. Thus, chronologically considered this is also the first among the four Grand slam tournament in the year. The Wimbledon event in Australia includes singles tournaments for women and men, championship events for the junior, mixed do ubles tournaments for men and women and for legends. There are also events for wheelchair bound participants. The tournament however takes place on the two types of hard court surfaces used in the Melbourne Park, located in the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct. The Tennis Championship in Australia has the highest record for attendance among the Grand Slam event (Loffing, Hagemann Strauss 2012). The Australian Open is also one of the first Grand Slam events that initiated the concept of indoor play during extreme heat or wet weather in coordination with its three primary courts namely Hisense Arena, Rod Laver Area and the refurnished arena of the Margaret Court that has roof which are retractable. The courts have a capacity for 3000 attendants. There have also been plans for building a stadium with a capacity to hold 5000 attendants. However, the game follows a strict dress code for the Royal patronage and the competitors. The notable fact of the tournament is the absence of advertisements from sponsors in the court area. However, as far as coverage goes Australian Open broadcasted globally through television and online by established broadcasters in the sports world. Thus in Australia, since 1973 the Australian open is broadcasted by the Seven Network. During the time of 2003 to 2009, the Australian Open co-broadcasted by Fox Sports. Traditionally, the most watched event of the Australian Open is the final event of the mens single. The Asia-pacific has been however, broadcasting done through the Fox Sports. The Positive and Negative Impacts of the Event Positive Impacts Wimbledon Tennis Championship holds significance worldwide as it brings together people from every occupation. Thus, the game not only attracts celebrities, royalties and global sports stars but also the Australian people at large. The Wimbledon Tennis Championship follows a heritage that includes people from every sphere of life without following the heritage culture. The sports authority therefore strongly believes in the unifying power that sports offer. The game tries to appeal to the collective spirit and thus transcends gender, age and race and ensures everyone with a chance of participation (KnightHolt 2013). Therefore, in a way the sport ensures a delightful experience to the team player and participant but also to the spectators. Thus, the spirit behind the success of the game is its inclusive spirit that has also been a reason for the inspiration of the next generation of players. Through this sport, the young generations inspired by the fact that achievement of goals is possible through hard work. This has resulted in a massive outcome both during and after event. The sport is more than just a two-week event as its preparations done throughout the year. In this context, one can say that the Wimbledon education department has opened its doors for welcoming thousands of students every year (Elliott Drummond 2013). The students include the ones from the primary level to the university level who can learn more about the history of the tournament and about the sport. There is also a community project on Wimbledon launched to reach out to the local people about the various secrets happening behind the scenes and thereby capture their emotions. The commencement of technology and the prevalence of social media have transformed the communication and staging process of the Australian Open. Through the cyber technology, the sport viewed on a real time basis by the rest of the world. Nowadays, additionally each player provided with accounts in various social media platforms along with a personal website to convey their whereabouts to the followers. Negative Impacts During the Wimbledon Tennis Championship there is been a rush of tourist that affects people in the local areas as traffic rush increases. Most of the tournaments last almost two weeks and attracts more than thousands of people from all over the world. Innumerable tourists also hugely affect the environment as they use it as a dumping ground for all their waste materials (Mahtani 2013). Thus, the council therefore carries out a cleaning spree through the collection of around five tones of waste dumped by waiting tourists. The Relevant Stakeholders in This Event The key Stakeholders of the events include (John, Stewart McDonald 2013): Australian Sports Commission (ASC): The commission focuses on driving more Australians for participation and excellence in the sport through the delivery of programs that aligns with the policy objectives of the Australian Government. The commission also provides financial aid and assistance to the various national sporting organizations to ensure participation and quality performance. Additionally, at the same time the commission also stresses on improving the sustainability, capability and effectiveness of the organizations. The commission also marks the spread of effectiveness, alignment and collaboration amongst the sports sector of Australia. Tennis Australia (TA): The Tennis Australia is aiming at making Australia the biggest tennis nation of the country. They not only create great championship but also responsible for creation of active players and devoted fan and at the same time make huge investments. Gradually Tennis Australia is become is gaining favoritism. Tennis Victoria (TV): This body represents all the associations, centers, clubs, regions and members in Victoria. Thus, in fact it is the administrative body of tennis that is located centrally in Victoria and is playing the role of managing , coordinating, promoting and unifying the varied facets that the sports has on offer. Valley Sport: This regional non-profit sporting body came into being for opening up opportunities for active recreation and participation in the sport. The body mainly focuses on being a leader in the development of active and healthy communities. Greater Shepparton City Council: The Goulburn region is among the 11 regions of Tennis Victoria that includes seven local areas of the Government and the volunteers, coaches, players, centers, clubs and associations connected with the places. Therefore, the Goulburn Tennis Network (GTN) plays a vital role in the growth of the game and the developmental activities of the associations and clubs. Thus, GTN considered as the tennis forum of the region that consist of single delegate from affiliated Tennis Victoria association and club of the region. They also work towards the promotion and coordination of tennis activities. Economic Impacts of the Event The major event calendar of Victoria is internationally recognized as the most successful and prestigious calendar of the world. This is because the Australian Open is not only the largest annual sports event played at the premium sporting grounds but also ensures certain contribution to the economy of Victoria by various means. The commencement of the tournament not only drives tourism but also generates jobs (Davies, Coleman Ramchandani 2013). The events also provide assistance in development of the industry and create linkages in the business. Moreover, such events also influence investment decisions and ensure positive community outcomes. These events are also enhancing interstate and overseas reputation particularly with the neighbors in the Asia Pacific region who are paying dividends through contribution of economic benefits to Melbourne and the state across. The profile of the major events of Victoria has put in under a global scale. Thus, Victoria has a generation of about $1.8 billion generated through the spending of approximately 300000 visitors from overseas and state who expresses the urge to be a part of the event. Thus, Victoria known as the sporting capital of Australia with a record number of attendees that counted for 720,363 in 2016 that is higher than the record of 2015. In 2016, Australia Open Tournament, there were attendees of around 48% who came from outside. Out of these 48%, nine percent attendees came from regional Victoria, 26% attendees were interstate, and 13% were oversees. Therefore, during the Grand Slam there was an increase in the number of hotel booked with each visitor opting for 11 nights stay with an average daily spending of $181 each. Conducted survey showed tourist happily recommending others to visit Victoria. There were also some positive outcomes in the community when a record 15,543 numbers of people made their presence felt at the fourth annual Kids Tennis Day taking place at Rod Laver Arena where celebrity tennis players like Novak Djokovic, Caroline Wozniacki and Milas Raonic also makes their presence felt. On the other hand, the inaugural Australian Open taki ng place in Birrarung Marr had a whopping 250,374 number of attendees in the first two weeks. There were around 30,788 families attending the kids world of the Australian Open Festival. Thus, the figures are a proof of the fact that there is no place like Melbourne for the execution of such events and there is no events in the world can match up to Australian Open Tournament. There is not only a drive of visitors from all over the world but is also leading the creation of more jobs and thereby a better economy. Thus, minister of sports, major events and tourism, John Eren, said that there would be more investment in the sporting grounds so that Victoria not only continues to be the home for Australian Open in decades to come but also is included in the travel list of sports lovers across the world. Conclusion: The report draws in a conclusion by discussing the economic impacts of the event chosen. There is however a vivid discussion on how the tournament is affecting the economy in a positive manner and at the same time having a positive impact on the community. The positive impacts of the event discussed along with its negative impacts. Through the positive effects, one can see how Wimbledon is becoming a game for the masses. The negative impacts of the sport in terms of the hurdles in traffic to the local residents avoided through proper traffic management rules. The report also has a part discussing the stakeholders of the tournament and the event in terms of its type. However, the event chosen here is the Australian Open Tennis Tournament. Discussion therefore, focuses solely around this particular event. References: Davies, L., Coleman, R. Ramchandani, G., 2013. Evaluating event economic impact: rigour versus reality?. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(1), pp.31-42. Elliott, S.K. Drummond, M.J., 2013. A socio-cultural exploration of parental involvement in junior Australian Rules football. Asia-Pacific journal of health, sport and physical education, 4(1), pp.35-48. John, A., Stewart, B. McDonald, B., 2013. Mixed doubles: Political hegemony, urban entrepreneurialism and the Australian Open Tennis Championships. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30(2), pp.162-178. Knight, C.J. Holt, N.L., 2013. Factors that influence parents experiences at junior tennis tournaments and suggestions for improvement. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(3), p.173. Loffing, F., Hagemann, N. Strauss, B., 2012. Left-handedness in professional and amateur tennis. PLoS One, 7(11), p.e49325. Mahtani, K.R., Protheroe, J., Slight, S.P., Demarzo, M.M.P., Blakeman, T., Barton, C.A., Brijnath, B. Roberts, N., 2013. Can the London 2012 Olympics inspire a generationto do more physical or sporting activities? An overview of systematic reviews. BMJ open, 3(1), p.e002058. Sell, K., Hainline, B., Yorio, M. Kovacs, M., 2014. Injury trend analysis from the US Open Tennis Championships between 1994 and 2009. Br J Sports Med, 48(7), pp.546-551.